Prevention and early detection of prostate cancer

Jack Cuzick; Mangesh A Thorat; Gerald Andriole; Otis W Brawley; Powel H Brown; Zoran Culig; Rosalind A Eeles; Leslie G Ford; Freddie C Hamdy; Lars Holmberg; Dragan Ilic; Timothy J Key; Carlo La Vecchia; Hans Lilja; Michael Marberger; Frank L Meyskens; Lori M Minasian; Chris Parker; Howard L Parnes; Sven Perner; Harry Rittenhouse; Jack Schalken; Hans-Peter Schmid; Bernd J Schmitz-Dräger; Fritz H Schröder; Arnulf Stenzl; Bertrand Tombal; Timothy J Wilt; Alicja Wolk

doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70211-6

Prevention and early detection of prostate cancer

Lancet Oncol. 2014 Oct;15(11):e484-92. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70211-6.

Authors

Jack Cuzick¹, Mangesh A Thorat², Gerald Andriole³, Otis W Brawley⁴, Powel H Brown⁵, Zoran Culig⁶, Rosalind A Eeles⁷, Leslie G Ford⁸, Freddie C Hamdy⁹, Lars Holmberg¹⁰, Dragan Ilic¹¹, Timothy J Key¹², Carlo La Vecchia¹³, Hans Lilja¹⁴, Michael Marberger¹⁵, Frank L Meyskens¹⁶, Lori M Minasian⁸, Chris Parker¹⁷, Howard L Parnes¹⁸, Sven Perner¹⁹, Harry Rittenhouse²⁰, Jack Schalken²¹, Hans-Peter Schmid²², Bernd J Schmitz-Dräger²³, Fritz H Schröder²⁴, Arnulf Stenzl²⁵, Bertrand Tombal²⁶, Timothy J Wilt²⁷, Alicja Wolk²⁸

Affiliations

¹ Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. Electronic address: [email protected].
² Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
³ Division of Urologic Surgery, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
⁴ Office of the Chief Medical Officer, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁵ Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
⁶ Molecular Pathology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
⁷ Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Academic Urology Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
⁸ Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
⁹ Urology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
¹⁰ Medical School, King's College London, London, UK; Regional Cancer Center Uppsala Orebro and Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
¹¹ School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
¹² Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
¹³ Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
¹⁴ Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Surgery (Urology), Laboratory Medicine, and Medicine (GU-Oncology), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital UMAS, Malmö, Sweden.
¹⁵ Department of Urology, Vienna University Medical School, Vienna, Austria.
¹⁶ Biological Chemistry, Public Health, and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
¹⁷ Academic Urology Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
¹⁸ Prostate and Urologic Cancer Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
²⁰ Director of Assay Development, IR2Dx Inc Moraga, CA, USA.
²¹ Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
²² Department of Urology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland.
²³ Urologie, Schön Klinik Nürnberg/Fürth & Urologie 24, Fürth, Germany.
²⁴ Erasmus University and Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
²⁵ Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
²⁶ Department of Urology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
²⁷ Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, and Section of General Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
²⁸ Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

Abstract

Prostate cancer is a common malignancy in men and the worldwide burden of this disease is rising. Lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation, exercise, and weight control offer opportunities to reduce the risk of developing prostate cancer. Early detection of prostate cancer by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is controversial, but changes in the PSA threshold, frequency of screening, and the use of other biomarkers have the potential to minimise the overdiagnosis associated with PSA screening. Several new biomarkers for individuals with raised PSA concentrations or those diagnosed with prostate cancer are likely to identify individuals who can be spared aggressive treatment. Several pharmacological agents such as 5α-reductase inhibitors and aspirin could prevent development of prostate cancer. In this Review, we discuss the present evidence and research questions regarding prevention, early detection of prostate cancer, and management of men either at high risk of prostate cancer or diagnosed with low-grade prostate cancer.

Publication types

Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review

MeSH terms

Age Factors
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Biomarkers, Tumor / analysis
Biopsy, Needle
Early Detection of Cancer / methods*
Evidence-Based Medicine
Humans
Immunohistochemistry
Life Style*
Male
Middle Aged
Neoplasm Invasiveness / pathology
Primary Prevention / methods
Prognosis
Prostate-Specific Antigen / blood*
Prostatic Neoplasms / diagnosis
Prostatic Neoplasms / prevention & control*
Prostatic Neoplasms / therapy*
Risk Factors
Risk Reduction Behavior

Substances

Biomarkers, Tumor
Prostate-Specific Antigen

Abstract

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Grants and funding