Mitochondrial shape governs BAX-induced membrane permeabilization and apoptosis

Mol Cell. 2015 Jan 8;57(1):69-82. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.10.028. Epub 2014 Dec 4.

Abstract

Proapoptotic BCL-2 proteins converge upon the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) to promote mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and apoptosis. Here we investigated the mechanistic relationship between mitochondrial shape and MOMP and provide evidence that BAX requires a distinct mitochondrial size to induce MOMP. We utilized the terminal unfolded protein response pathway to systematically define proapoptotic BCL-2 protein composition after stress and then directly interrogated their requirement for a productive mitochondrial size. Complementary biochemical, cellular, in vivo, and ex vivo studies reveal that Mfn1, a GTPase involved in mitochondrial fusion, establishes a mitochondrial size that is permissive for proapoptotic BCL-2 family function. Cells with hyperfragmented mitochondria, along with size-restricted OMM model systems, fail to support BAX-dependent membrane association and permeabilization due to an inability to stabilize BAXα9·membrane interactions. This work identifies a mechanistic contribution of mitochondrial size in dictating BAX activation, MOMP, and apoptosis.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Apoptosis
  • Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / genetics
  • Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / metabolism
  • Bcl-2-Like Protein 11
  • GTP Phosphohydrolases / genetics*
  • GTP Phosphohydrolases / metabolism
  • Gene Expression Regulation
  • Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / genetics
  • Membrane Proteins / genetics
  • Membrane Proteins / metabolism
  • Mice
  • Mitochondria, Liver / genetics*
  • Mitochondria, Liver / metabolism
  • Mitochondria, Liver / ultrastructure
  • Mitochondrial Dynamics / genetics
  • Mitochondrial Membranes / metabolism*
  • Mitochondrial Membranes / ultrastructure
  • Organelle Shape / genetics*
  • Permeability
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins / genetics
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins / metabolism
  • Signal Transduction
  • Unilamellar Liposomes / chemistry
  • Unilamellar Liposomes / metabolism
  • bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein / genetics
  • bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein / metabolism
  • bcl-2-Associated X Protein / genetics*
  • bcl-2-Associated X Protein / metabolism

Substances

  • Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
  • Bak1 protein, mouse
  • Bax protein, mouse
  • Bcl-2-Like Protein 11
  • Bcl2l11 protein, mouse
  • Membrane Proteins
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins
  • Unilamellar Liposomes
  • bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein
  • bcl-2-Associated X Protein
  • GTP Phosphohydrolases
  • Mfn1 protein, mouse