Discovery of 4-(phenyl)thio-1H-pyrazole derivatives as agonists of GPR109A, a high affinity niacin receptor

Arch Pharm Res. 2015 Jun;38(6):1019-32. doi: 10.1007/s12272-015-0560-4. Epub 2015 Jan 20.

Abstract

Even though nicotinic acid (niacin) appears to have beneficial effects on human lipid profiles, niacin-induced cutaneous vasodilatation called flushing limits its remedy to patient. GPR109A is activated by niacin and mediates the anti-lipolytic effects. Based on the hypothesis that β-arrestin signaling mediates niacin-induced flushing, but not its anti-lipolytic effect, we tried to find GPR109A agonists which selectively elicit Gi-protein-biased signaling devoid of β-arrestin internalization using a β-lactamase assay. We identified a 4-(phenyl)thio-1H-pyrazole as a novel scaffold for GPR109A agonist in a high throughput screen, which has no carboxylic acid moiety known to be important for binding. While 1-nicotinoyl derivatives (5a-g, 6a-e) induced β-arrestin recruitment, 1-(pyrazin-2-oyl) derivatives were found to play as G-protein-biased agonists without GPR109A receptor internalization. The activity of compound 5a (EC50 = 45 nM) was similar to niacin (EC50 = 52 nM) and MK-6892 (EC50 = 74 nM) on calcium mobilization assay, but its activity at 10 μM on β-arrestin recruitment were around two and five times weaker than niacin and MK-6892, respectively. The development of G-protein biased GPR109A ligands over β-arrestin pathway is attainable and might be important in differentiation of pharmacological efficacy.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Arrestins / drug effects
  • CHO Cells
  • Calcium Signaling / drug effects
  • Cricetinae
  • Cricetulus
  • Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids / pharmacology
  • High-Throughput Screening Assays
  • Humans
  • Indicators and Reagents
  • Niacin / pharmacology
  • Nicotinic Agonists / chemical synthesis*
  • Nicotinic Agonists / pharmacology*
  • Oxadiazoles / pharmacology
  • Pyrazoles / chemical synthesis*
  • Pyrazoles / pharmacology*
  • Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / agonists*
  • Receptors, Nicotinic
  • Structure-Activity Relationship
  • beta-Arrestins
  • beta-Lactamases / chemistry

Substances

  • Arrestins
  • Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids
  • HCAR2 protein, human
  • Indicators and Reagents
  • MK 6892
  • Nicotinic Agonists
  • Oxadiazoles
  • Pyrazoles
  • Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
  • Receptors, Nicotinic
  • beta-Arrestins
  • Niacin
  • beta-Lactamases