EWI-2 negatively regulates TGF-β signaling leading to altered melanoma growth and metastasis

Cell Res. 2015 Mar;25(3):370-85. doi: 10.1038/cr.2015.17. Epub 2015 Feb 6.

Abstract

In normal melanocytes, TGF-β signaling has a cytostatic effect. However, in primary melanoma cells, TGF-β-induced cytostasis is diminished, thus allowing melanoma growth. Later, a second phase of TGF-β signaling supports melanoma EMT-like changes, invasion and metastasis. In parallel with these "present-absent-present" TGF-β signaling phases, cell surface protein EWI motif-containing protein 2 (EWI-2 or IgSF8) is "absent-present-absent" in melanocytes, primary melanoma, and metastatic melanoma, respectively, suggesting that EWI-2 may serve as a negative regulator of TGF-β signaling. Using melanoma cell lines and melanoma short-term cultures, we performed RNAi and overexpression experiments and found that EWI-2 negatively regulates TGF-β signaling and its downstream events including cytostasis (in vitro and in vivo), EMT-like changes, cell migration, CD271-dependent invasion, and lung metastasis (in vivo). When EWI-2 is present, it associates with cell surface tetraspanin proteins CD9 and CD81 - molecules not previously linked to TGF-β signaling. Indeed, when associated with EWI-2, CD9 and CD81 are sequestered and have no impact on TβR2-TβR1 association or TGF-β signaling. However, when EWI-2 is knocked down, CD9 and CD81 become available to provide critical support for TβR2-TβR1 association, thus markedly elevating TGF-β signaling. Consequently, all of those TGF-β-dependent functions specifically arising due to EWI-2 depletion are reversed by blocking or depleting cell surface tetraspanin proteins CD9 or CD81. These results provide new insights into regulation of TGF-β signaling in melanoma, uncover new roles for tetraspanins CD9 and CD81, and strongly suggest that EWI-2 could serve as a favorable prognosis indicator for melanoma patients.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Antigens, CD / genetics*
  • Benzamides / pharmacology
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Cell Movement / genetics
  • Cell Proliferation / genetics
  • Dioxoles / pharmacology
  • HEK293 Cells
  • Humans
  • Melanoma / pathology*
  • Membrane Proteins / genetics*
  • Mice
  • Mice, Inbred C57BL
  • Mice, SCID
  • Neoplasm Invasiveness / pathology
  • Neoplasm Transplantation
  • Nerve Tissue Proteins / metabolism
  • Prognosis
  • Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / metabolism
  • RNA Interference
  • RNA, Small Interfering
  • Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
  • Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
  • Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor / metabolism
  • Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / metabolism
  • Signal Transduction
  • Tetraspanin 24 / genetics
  • Tetraspanin 28 / genetics
  • Tetraspanin 28 / metabolism*
  • Tetraspanin 29 / genetics
  • Tetraspanin 29 / metabolism*
  • Transforming Growth Factor beta / metabolism*
  • Transplantation, Heterologous

Substances

  • 4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide
  • Antigens, CD
  • Benzamides
  • CD151 protein, human
  • CD81 protein, human
  • CD9 protein, human
  • Dioxoles
  • IGSF8 protein, human
  • Membrane Proteins
  • NGFR protein, human
  • Nerve Tissue Proteins
  • RNA, Small Interfering
  • Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor
  • Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta
  • Tetraspanin 24
  • Tetraspanin 28
  • Tetraspanin 29
  • Transforming Growth Factor beta
  • Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
  • Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
  • Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II