Evaluation of trail-cameras for analyzing the diet of nesting raptors using the Northern Goshawk as a model

PLoS One. 2015 May 20;10(5):e0127585. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127585. eCollection 2015.

Abstract

Diet studies present numerous methodological challenges. We evaluated the usefulness of commercially available trail-cameras for analyzing the diet of Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) as a model for nesting raptors during the period 2007-2011. We compared diet estimates obtained by direct camera monitoring of 80 nests with four indirect analyses of prey remains collected from the nests and surroundings (pellets, bones, feather-and-hair remains, and feather-hair-and-bone remains combined). In addition, we evaluated the performance of the trail-cameras and whether camera monitoring affected Goshawk behavior. The sensitivity of each diet-analysis method depended on prey size and taxonomic group, with no method providing unbiased estimates for all prey sizes and types. The cameras registered the greatest number of prey items and were probably the least biased method for estimating diet composition. Nevertheless this direct method yielded the largest proportion of prey unidentified to species level, and it underestimated small prey. Our trail-camera system was able to operate without maintenance for longer periods than what has been reported in previous studies with other types of cameras. Initially Goshawks showed distrust toward the cameras but they usually became habituated to its presence within 1-2 days. The habituation period was shorter for breeding pairs that had previous experience with cameras. Using trail-cameras to monitor prey provisioning to nests is an effective tool for studying the diet of nesting raptors. However, the technique is limited by technical failures and difficulties in identifying certain prey types. Our study also shows that cameras can alter adult Goshawk behavior, an aspect that must be controlled to minimize potential negative impacts.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Breeding
  • Diet*
  • Falconiformes / physiology*
  • Mammals / physiology
  • Models, Animal
  • Nesting Behavior / physiology*
  • Photography / instrumentation*
  • Predatory Behavior / physiology
  • Reptiles / physiology
  • Spain
  • Species Specificity

Grants and funding

This research was supported by funds from the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia CICYT projects CGL2007-60533/BOS and CGL2010-18312/BOS; FPU fellowship AP2006-00891 (GGS) and FPI fellowship BES-2008-006630 (SMH), and from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad PEICTI project CGL2014-53308-P. Additional support was provided through the Comunidad de Madrid REMEDINAL network projects S-0505/AMB/0335, S-2009/AMB/1783 and S2013/MAE-2719, and University of Alcalá project CCG2014/BIO-002. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.