A 34 year old patient was diagnosed as suffering from congestive cirrhosis due to constrictive pericarditis 18 years ago. A terminal dystrophic episode of additionally acquired chronic aggressive hepatitis B led to rapidly progressive liver failure. Orthotopic liver transplantation was carried out. 10 months after transplantation the patient is alive and well. Presence of HBsAg and HBcAg can again be demonstrated in the liver graft, however, without histologic evidence of hepatitis. Problems of prognosis after liver transplantation for hepatitis B virus infection are discussed.