In a retrospective analysis, patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), treated in first complete remission (CR) with chemotherapy or with allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation were compared with respect to their leukemia-free survival from CR. Two hundred and thirty-six patients treated with chemotherapy according to the EORTC AML-5 and AML-6 trials were included. The data of the transplanted patients were taken from two EBMT registries; 453 with an allogeneic and 182 with an autologous BMT. The very different sources of the data (trials and registries) forced us to be cautious in our conclusions. However, for the patient cohorts analyzed in the present study, BMT patients tended to have a better leukemia-free survival than chemotherapy patients. This was especially the case for the allogeneic BMT after 6 months of transplant.