A Conceptual Framework for Appropriateness in Surgical Care: Reviewing Past Approaches and Looking Ahead to Patient-centered Shared Decision Making

Affiliation

• ¹ From the Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Z.C., A.M.B.); Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Z.C.); Ariadne Labs, Boston, Massachusetts (Z.C.); Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.S.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island (S.K.A.); Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.D.N.); Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (E.M.R., A.M.B.); and Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (E.M.R.).