Background and aims: Recent failures of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C)-raising therapies to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD) events have tempered the interest in the role of HDL-C in clinical risk assessment. Emerging data suggest that the atheroprotective properties of HDL depend on specific HDL particle characteristics not reflected by HDL-C. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of HDL particle concentration (HDL-P) and HDL subclasses with mortality in a high-risk cardiovascular population and to examine the clinical utility of these parameters in mortality risk discrimination and reclassification models.
Methods: Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we measured HDL-P and HDL subclasses in 3972 individuals enrolled in the CATHGEN coronary catheterization biorepository; tested for association with all-cause mortality in robust clinical models; and examined the utility of HDL subclasses in incremental mortality risk discrimination and reclassification.
Results: Over an average follow-up of eight years, 29.6% of the individuals died. In a multivariable model adjusted for ten CVD risk factors, HDL-P [HR, 0.71 (0.67-0.76), p = 1.3e-24] had a stronger inverse association with mortality than did HDL-C [HR 0.93 (0.87-0.99), p = 0.02]. Larger HDL size conferred greater risk and the sum of medium- and small-size HDL particles (MS-HDL-P) conferred less risk. Furthermore, the strong inverse relation of HDL-P levels with mortality was accounted for entirely by MS-HDL-P; HDL-C was not associated with mortality after adjustment for MS-HDL-P. Addition of MS-HDL-P to the GRACE Risk Score significantly improved risk discrimination and risk reclassification.
Conclusion: HDL-P and smaller HDL subclasses were independent markers of residual mortality risk and incremental to HDL-C in a high-risk CVD population. These measures should be considered in risk stratification and future development of HDL-targeted therapies in high-risk populations.
Keywords: Biomarkers; HDL; HDL subclasses; Mortality; Risk prediction.
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