60 YEARS OF POMC: Regulation of feeding and energy homeostasis by α-MSH

J Mol Endocrinol. 2016 May;56(4):T157-74. doi: 10.1530/JME-16-0014. Epub 2016 Mar 3.

Abstract

The melanocortin peptides derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) were originally understood in terms of the biological actions of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) on pigmentation and adrenocorticotrophic hormone on adrenocortical glucocorticoid production. However, the discovery of POMC mRNA and melanocortin peptides in the CNS generated activities directed at understanding the direct biological actions of melanocortins in the brain. Ultimately, discovery of unique melanocortin receptors expressed in the CNS, the melanocortin-3 (MC3R) and melanocortin-4 (MC4R) receptors, led to the development of pharmacological tools and genetic models leading to the demonstration that the central melanocortin system plays a critical role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Indeed, mutations in MC4R are now known to be the most common cause of early onset syndromic obesity, accounting for 2-5% of all cases. This review discusses the history of these discoveries, as well as the latest work attempting to understand the molecular and cellular basis of regulation of feeding and energy homeostasis by the predominant melanocortin peptide in the CNS, α-MSH.

Keywords: MC4R; POMC; food intake; melanocortin; α-MSH.

Publication types

  • Review
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Agouti-Related Protein / metabolism
  • Animals
  • Cloning, Molecular
  • Energy Metabolism* / drug effects
  • Feeding Behavior* / drug effects
  • Homeostasis* / drug effects
  • Humans
  • Membrane Proteins / metabolism
  • Neurons / metabolism
  • Optogenetics / methods
  • Pro-Opiomelanocortin / metabolism
  • Protein Isoforms
  • Receptors, Melanocortin / genetics
  • Receptors, Melanocortin / metabolism
  • Signal Transduction
  • alpha-MSH / metabolism*
  • alpha-MSH / pharmacology

Substances

  • Agouti-Related Protein
  • MRAP protein, human
  • Membrane Proteins
  • Protein Isoforms
  • Receptors, Melanocortin
  • alpha-MSH
  • Pro-Opiomelanocortin