New-onset toxicity with programmed death-1 inhibitor rechallenge

Melanoma Res. 2016 Jun;26(3):316-8. doi: 10.1097/CMR.0000000000000259.

Abstract

Immunotherapy has become a mainstay in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors and programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors, which have been added more recently, represent two of the main classes of immunomodulating agents. PD-1 inhibitors are well tolerated and are known to have a decreased rate of occurrence of adverse effects compared with CTLA-4 inhibitors. However, the risk remains for serious immune-mediated adverse reactions. Given their long half and extended efficacy, treatment with a CTLA-4 inhibitor before use of a PD-1 inhibitor may increase the risk of adverse effects. In addition, caution should be exercised when rechallenging grade 3 or 4 adverse effects with the same agent or a different agent of the same class. The re-emergence of a previous toxicity may occur or, as found in this case, a new severe effect may arise. This article will present a case of fatal immune-related hepatoxicity in a patient treated with a CTLA-4 inhibitor, followed by treatment with a PD-1 inhibitor. The mechanisms of action and safety profiles for both classes of drugs will also be reviewed.

Publication types

  • Case Reports

MeSH terms

  • Humans
  • Immunotherapy / methods*
  • Male
  • Melanoma / complications*
  • Melanoma / pathology
  • Middle Aged
  • Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / antagonists & inhibitors*

Substances

  • Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor