Multispecies Outcomes of Sympatric Speciation after Admixture with the Source Population in Two Radiations of Nicaraguan Crater Lake Cichlids

PLoS Genet. 2016 Jun 30;12(6):e1006157. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006157. eCollection 2016 Jun.

Abstract

The formation of species in the absence of geographic barriers (i.e. sympatric speciation) remains one of the most controversial topics in evolutionary biology. While theoretical models have shown that this most extreme case of primary divergence-with-gene-flow is possible, only a handful of accepted empirical examples exist. And even for the most convincing examples uncertainties remain; complex histories of isolation and secondary contact can make species falsely appear to have originated by sympatric speciation. This alternative scenario is notoriously difficult to rule out. Midas cichlids inhabiting small and remote crater lakes in Nicaragua are traditionally considered to be one of the best examples of sympatric speciation and lend themselves to test the different evolutionary scenarios that could lead to apparent sympatric speciation since the system is relatively small and the source populations known. Here we reconstruct the evolutionary history of two small-scale radiations of Midas cichlids inhabiting crater lakes Apoyo and Xiloá through a comprehensive genomic data set. We find no signs of differential admixture of any of the sympatric species in the respective radiations. Together with coalescent simulations of different demographic models our results support a scenario of speciation that was initiated in sympatry and does not result from secondary contact of already partly diverged populations. Furthermore, several species seem to have diverged simultaneously, making Midas cichlids an empirical example of multispecies outcomes of sympatric speciation. Importantly, however, the demographic models strongly support an admixture event from the source population into both crater lakes shortly before the onset of the radiations within the lakes. This opens the possibility that the formation of reproductive barriers involved in sympatric speciation was facilitated by genetic variants that evolved in a period of isolation between the initial founding population and the secondary migrants that came from the same source population. Thus, the exact mechanisms by which these species arose might be different from what had been thought before.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Biological Evolution
  • Cichlids / genetics*
  • Gene Flow / genetics
  • Genetic Speciation
  • Genetic Variation / genetics
  • Genetics, Population
  • Lakes
  • Nicaragua
  • Species Specificity
  • Sympatry

Grants and funding

AFK was supported by the Landesgraduiertenförderung (LGFG) of the state of Baden-Württemberg and the International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Organismal Biology. GMS was/is supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft www.dfg.de (MA 6144/1-1). The study was funded by support of the University of Konstanz and a European Research Council www.erc.europa.eu advanced grant (ERC “GenAdap” 293700) to AM. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.