Nevirapine- Versus Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Based Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-Infected Infants and Young Children: Long-term Follow-up of the IMPAACT P1060 Randomized Trial

Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Oct 15;63(8):1113-1121. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw488. Epub 2016 Jul 20.

Abstract

Background: The International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Network (IMPAACT) P1060 study demonstrated short-term superiority of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) over nevirapine (NVP) in antiretroviral therapy (ART), regardless of prior NVP exposure. However, NVP-based ART had a marginal benefit in CD4 percentage (CD4%) and growth. We compared 5-year outcomes from this clinical trial.

Methods: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected, ART-eligible children were enrolled into 2 cohorts based on prior NVP exposure and randomized to NVP- or LPV/r-based ART. The data safety monitoring board recommended unblinding results in both cohorts due to superiority of LPV/r for the primary endpoint: stopping randomized treatment, virologic failure (VF), or death by 6 months. Participants were offered a switch in regimens (if on NVP) and continued observational follow-up. We compared time to VF or death, death, and CD4% and growth changes using intention-to-treat analyses. Additionally, inverse probability weights were used to account for treatment switching and censoring.

Results: As of September 2014, 329 of the 451 (73%) enrolled participants were still in follow-up (median, 5.3 years; interquartile range [IQR], 4.3-6.4), with 52% on NVP and 88% on LPV/r as originally randomized. NVP arm participants had significantly higher risk of VF or death (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37-2.65) but not death alone (aHR, 1.65; 95% CI, .72-3.76) compared with participants randomized to LPV/r. Mean CD4% was significantly higher in the NVP arm up to 1 year after ART initiation, but not beyond. Mean weight-for-age z scores were marginally higher in the NVP arm, but height-for-age z scores did not differ. Similar trends were observed in sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions: These findings support the current World Health Organization recommendation of LPV/r in first-line ART regimens for HIV-infected children.

Clinical trials registration: NCT00307151.

Keywords: HIV/AIDS; antiretroviral therapy; long-term follow-up; pediatrics.

Publication types

  • Clinical Trial
  • Randomized Controlled Trial
  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
  • CD4 Lymphocyte Count
  • Child, Preschool
  • Female
  • Follow-Up Studies
  • HIV Infections / diagnosis
  • HIV Infections / drug therapy*
  • HIV Infections / immunology
  • HIV Infections / virology
  • Humans
  • Infant
  • Kaplan-Meier Estimate
  • Lopinavir / therapeutic use*
  • Male
  • Nevirapine / therapeutic use*
  • Ritonavir / therapeutic use*
  • Severity of Illness Index
  • Treatment Failure
  • Treatment Outcome
  • Viral Load

Substances

  • Lopinavir
  • Nevirapine
  • Ritonavir

Associated data

  • ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00307151