Cognitive Reserve as a Modifier of Clinical Expression in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Preliminary Examination

J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2017 Winter;29(1):6-12. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.16030043. Epub 2016 Aug 19.

Abstract

This study conducted a preliminary examination on cognitive reserve (CR) as a modifier of symptom expression in subjects with autopsy-confirmed chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). The sample included 25 former professional football players neuropathologically diagnosed with CTE stage III or IV. Next of kin interviews ascertained age at cognitive and behavioral/mood symptom onset and demographic/athletic characteristics. Years of education and occupational attainment defined CR. High occupational achievement predicted later age at cognitive (p=0.02) and behavioral/mood (p=0.02) onset. Education was not an individual predictor. These preliminary findings suggest that CR may forestall the clinical manifestation of CTE.

MeSH terms

  • Age of Onset
  • Aged
  • Athletes
  • Athletic Injuries / complications
  • Athletic Injuries / diagnosis
  • Athletic Injuries / psychology
  • Behavioral Symptoms
  • Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy / diagnosis
  • Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy / etiology
  • Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy / psychology*
  • Cognitive Dysfunction / diagnosis
  • Cognitive Dysfunction / etiology
  • Cognitive Dysfunction / psychology
  • Cognitive Reserve*
  • Educational Status
  • Family
  • Football
  • Humans
  • Interviews as Topic
  • Linear Models
  • Male
  • Occupations
  • Retrospective Studies