Daring the Challenge and Thinking Big: The Value of Early Process R&D

Chimia (Aarau). 2016;70(7-8):502-11. doi: 10.2533/chimia.2016.502.

Abstract

The production of the L/T channel blocker ACT-280778 required the enantiomerically pure 5-phenylbicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-one (1) as key building block. As the published routes towards 1 are very low yielding (<0.5% yield) and comprise many steps that are not acceptable for scale-up, a series of processes to 1 was developed to match the increasing requirements from first kg-batches to clinical supplies. The three routes are characterized by an individual asset. (1) The first route contains a scale-up of a Diels-Alder reaction with highly reactive reagents and afforded 90 kg enantiomerically pure 1. To mitigate safety risks, a flow reactor was developed for the high-temperature Diels-Alder reaction. This route relied on an efficient enantiomer separation on a ¼-ton scale by HPLC. (2) A Crystallization Induced Diastereomer Transformation (CIDT) during an intramolecular aldol reaction was the pivotal step of a first enantioselective route that starts with the Shibasaki reaction. (3) The 2(nd) enantioselective route represents a rare example of organocatalysis on scale and allowed to skip six out of nine steps with a significant impact on the cost of goods. This simple way to 1 opened up a short synthesis of Hayashi's chiral diene ligands (bod*) that were so far lacking an affordable access. Some of these novel C1-symmetrical dienes have shown very high enantioselectivities in Rh-catalyzed additions of arylboronates.

MeSH terms

  • Benzimidazoles / chemical synthesis*
  • Benzimidazoles / pharmacology
  • Bridged Bicyclo Compounds / chemical synthesis*
  • Bridged Bicyclo Compounds / pharmacology
  • Calcium Channel Blockers / chemical synthesis*
  • Calcium Channel Blockers / pharmacology
  • Catalysis
  • Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic
  • Crystallization
  • Cycloaddition Reaction
  • Drug Compounding
  • Indicators and Reagents
  • Research Design*
  • Stereoisomerism

Substances

  • Benzimidazoles
  • Bridged Bicyclo Compounds
  • Calcium Channel Blockers
  • Indicators and Reagents
  • isobutyric acid 2-(2-((3-(4,7-dimethoxy-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)propyl)methylamino)ethyl)-5-phenylbicyclo(2.2.2)oct-5-en-2-yl ester