Scaffold-hopping from xanthines to tricyclic guanines: A case study of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors

Bioorg Med Chem. 2016 Nov 1;24(21):5534-5545. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.007. Epub 2016 Sep 4.

Abstract

Molecular modeling of unbound tricyclic guanine scaffolds indicated that they can serve as effective bioisosteric replacements of xanthines. This notion was further confirmed by a combination of X-ray crystallography and SAR studies, indicating that tricyclic guanine DPP4 inhibitors mimic the binding mode of xanthine inhibitors, exemplified by linagliptin. Realization of the bioisosteric relationship between these scaffolds potentially will lead to a wider application of cyclic guanines as xanthine replacements in drug discovery programs for a variety of biological targets. Newly designed DPP4 inhibitors achieved sub-nanomolar potency range and demonstrated oral activity in vivo in mouse glucose tolerance test.

Keywords: Bioisosteres; DPP4 inhibitor; FAP inhibitor; Tricyclic guanine.

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Blood Glucose / drug effects
  • Crystallography, X-Ray
  • Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 / metabolism*
  • Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / administration & dosage
  • Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / chemistry
  • Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / pharmacology*
  • Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
  • Glucose Tolerance Test
  • Guanine / analogs & derivatives
  • Guanine / chemistry
  • Guanine / pharmacology*
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Mice
  • Mice, Inbred C57BL
  • Models, Molecular
  • Molecular Structure
  • Structure-Activity Relationship
  • Xanthines / administration & dosage
  • Xanthines / chemistry
  • Xanthines / pharmacology*

Substances

  • Blood Glucose
  • Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors
  • Xanthines
  • Guanine
  • DPP4 protein, human
  • Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4