Abstract
The toxicities of azole pollutants that have widespread agricultural and industrial uses are either poorly understood or unknown, particularly with respect to how infaunal organisms are impacted by this class of persistent organic pollutant. To identify a molecular basis by which azole compounds may have unforeseen toxicity on marine annelids, we examine here their impact on the multifunctional dehaloperoxidase (DHP) hemoglobin from the terebellid polychaete Amphitrite ornata. Ultraviolet-visible and resonance Raman spectroscopic studies showed an increase in the six-coordinate low-spin heme population in DHP isoenzyme B upon binding of imidazole, benzotriazole, and benzimidazole (Kd values of 52, 82, and 110 μM, respectively), suggestive of their direct binding to the heme-Fe. Accordingly, atomic-resolution X-ray crystal structures, supported by computational studies, of the DHP B complexes of benzotriazole (1.14 Å), benzimidazole (1.08 Å), imidazole (1.08 Å), and indazole (1.12 Å) revealed two ligand binding motifs, one with direct ligand binding to the heme-Fe, and another in which the ligand binds in the hydrophobic distal pocket without coordinating the heme-Fe. Taken together, the results demonstrate a new mechanism by which azole pollutants can potentially disrupt hemoglobin function, thereby improving our understanding of their impact on infaunal organisms in marine and aquatic environments.
Publication types
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Comparative Study
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
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Amino Acid Motifs
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Animals
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Benzimidazoles / chemistry
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Benzimidazoles / metabolism*
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Benzimidazoles / toxicity
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Catalytic Domain
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Computational Biology
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Environmental Pollutants / chemistry
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Environmental Pollutants / metabolism*
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Environmental Pollutants / toxicity
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Enzyme Inhibitors / chemistry
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Enzyme Inhibitors / metabolism
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Enzyme Inhibitors / toxicity
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Fungicides, Industrial / chemistry
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Fungicides, Industrial / metabolism
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Fungicides, Industrial / toxicity
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Hemoglobins / antagonists & inhibitors
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Hemoglobins / chemistry
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Hemoglobins / metabolism*
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Hydrogen Bonding
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Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
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Imidazoles / chemistry
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Imidazoles / metabolism*
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Imidazoles / toxicity
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Indazoles / chemistry
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Indazoles / metabolism
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Indazoles / toxicity
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Isoenzymes / antagonists & inhibitors
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Isoenzymes / chemistry
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Isoenzymes / metabolism
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Kinetics
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Ligands
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Models, Molecular*
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Peroxidases / antagonists & inhibitors
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Peroxidases / chemistry
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Peroxidases / metabolism*
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Pesticides / chemistry
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Pesticides / metabolism
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Pesticides / toxicity
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Polychaeta / enzymology*
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Recombinant Fusion Proteins / chemistry
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Recombinant Fusion Proteins / metabolism
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Recombinant Proteins / chemistry
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Recombinant Proteins / metabolism
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Triazoles / chemistry
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Triazoles / metabolism*
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Triazoles / toxicity
Substances
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Benzimidazoles
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Environmental Pollutants
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Enzyme Inhibitors
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Fungicides, Industrial
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Hemoglobins
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Imidazoles
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Indazoles
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Isoenzymes
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Ligands
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Pesticides
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Recombinant Fusion Proteins
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Recombinant Proteins
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Triazoles
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imidazole
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benzotriazole
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benzimidazole
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DHP I dehaloperoxidase
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Peroxidases