Past, present, and future of Parkinson's disease: A special essay on the 200th Anniversary of the Shaking Palsy

Affiliations

• ¹ HM CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Mostoles, Madrid, Spain.
• ² Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain.
• ³ CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain.
• ⁴ Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
• ⁵ Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Department, HYGEIA Hospital and Attikon Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
• ⁶ Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
• ⁷ Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
• ⁸ Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
• ⁹ Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
• ¹⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
• ¹¹ Parkinson's Disease and Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centers (PADRECC and MIRECC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
• ¹² Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
• ¹³ Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
• ¹⁴ School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales and Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.
• ¹⁵ Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France.
• ¹⁶ China Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Lab Animal Sciences, Beijing, China.
• ¹⁷ Departments of Neurology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, the Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
• ¹⁸ Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
• ¹⁹ Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière - ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche - CENIR, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France.
• ²⁰ Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
• ²¹ Clinical Sciences Department, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
• ²² Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
• ²³ Human Neurophysiology, Sobell Department, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
• ²⁴ Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
• ²⁵ Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
• ²⁶ Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
• ²⁷ Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Center, Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
• ²⁸ Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA.
• ²⁹ Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care System, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
• ³⁰ Parkinson's Institute, Sunnyvale, California, USA.
• ³¹ Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
• ³² Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
• ³³ Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
• ³⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
• ³⁵ Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
• ³⁶ Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Jerusalem, Israel.
• ³⁷ Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
• ³⁸ Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
• ³⁹ Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
• ⁴⁰ Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Barcelona, Spain.
• ⁴¹ Movement Disorders Clinic, Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit, Mexico City, Mexico.
• ⁴² Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico.
• ⁴³ Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
• ⁴⁴ Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
• ⁴⁵ Klinik für Neurologie, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany.
• ⁴⁶ Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
• ⁴⁷ Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
• ⁴⁸ Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
• ⁴⁹ Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
• ⁵⁰ Research Center for Brain Repair, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
• ⁵¹ Neuroscience Graduate Program, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
• ⁵² Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
• ⁵³ Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
• ⁵⁴ University Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
• ⁵⁵ Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Division of Neurology & Djavadf Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
• ⁵⁶ Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.