1 From the Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, the Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, and the San Francisco Center for Healthcare Value, University of California, San Francisco, California (C.L.C.); and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, the Leonard Davis Institute for Health Economics, and the Center for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.D.N.).