Neutrophil chemotaxis

Neutrophils are the primary cells recruited to inflamed sites during an innate immune response to tissue damage and/or infection. They are finely sensitive to inciting stimuli to reach in great numbers and within minutes areas of inflammation and tissue insult. For this effective response, they can detect extracellular chemical gradients and move towards higher concentrations, the so-called chemotaxis process or guided cell migration. This directed neutrophil recruitment is orchestrated by chemoattractants, a chemically diverse group of molecular guidance cues (e.g., lipids, N-formylated peptides, complement, anaphylotoxins and chemokines). Neutrophils respond to these guidance signals in a hierarchical manner and, based on this concept, they can be further subdivided into two groups: "end target" and "intermediary" chemoattractants, the signals of the former dominant over the latter. Neutrophil chemoattractants exert their effects through interaction with heptahelical G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed on cell surfaces and the chemotactic response is mainly regulated by the Rho family of GTPases. Additionally, neutrophil behavior might differ and be affected in different complex scenarios such as disease conditions and type of vascular bed in specific organs. Finally, there are different mechanisms to disrupt neutrophil chemotaxis either associated to the resolution of inflammation or to bacterial escape and systemic infection. Therefore, in the present review, we will discuss the different molecular players involved in neutrophil chemotaxis, paying special attention to the different chemoattractants described and the way that they interact intra- and extravascularly for neutrophils to properly reach the target tissue.