Vitamin C promotes apoptosis in breast cancer cells by increasing TRAIL expression

Sci Rep. 2018 Mar 28;8(1):5306. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23714-7.

Abstract

Genomic loss of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) accompanies malignant cellular transformation in breast cancer. Vitamin C serves as a cofactor for TET methylcytosine dioxygenases to increase 5hmC generation. Here we show that the transcription of SVCT2, a major vitamin C transporter, was decreased in human breast cancers (113 cases) compared to normal breast tissues from the same patients. A decreased SVCT2 expression was also observed in breast cancer cell lines. Treatment with vitamin C (100 μM) increased the 5hmC content in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and markedly altered the transcriptome. The vitamin C treatment induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells, which was verified in two additional breast cancer cell lines. This pro-apoptotic effect of vitamin C appeared to be mediated by TRAIL, a known apoptosis inducer. Vitamin C upregulated TRAIL transcripts (2.3-fold increase) and increased TRAIL protein levels. The upregulation of TRAIL by vitamin C was largely abolished by siRNAs targeting TETs and anti-TRAIL antibody abrogated the induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, the apoptosis promoted by vitamin C was associated with Bax and caspases activation, Bcl-xL sequestration, and cytochrome c release. Taken together, these results suggest a potential role of physiological doses of vitamin C in breast cancer prevention and treatment.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • 5-Methylcytosine / analogs & derivatives
  • 5-Methylcytosine / metabolism
  • Apoptosis / drug effects
  • Ascorbic Acid / metabolism
  • Ascorbic Acid / pharmacology*
  • Breast Neoplasms / drug therapy
  • Breast Neoplasms / pathology*
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Cell Survival / drug effects
  • Female
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / drug effects
  • Humans
  • MCF-7 Cells
  • Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / genetics
  • Sodium-Coupled Vitamin C Transporters / genetics
  • Sodium-Coupled Vitamin C Transporters / metabolism
  • TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / drug effects*

Substances

  • Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
  • SLC23A2 protein, human
  • Sodium-Coupled Vitamin C Transporters
  • TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
  • TNFSF10 protein, human
  • 5-hydroxymethylcytosine
  • 5-Methylcytosine
  • Ascorbic Acid