Overview of Current and Future Adjuvant Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma

Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) has high metastatic potential at diagnosis but is still often curable with aggressive management, which may give patients the best odds for a favorable clinical outcome. The standard-of-care management of MIBC includes a radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. If the patient is cisplatin-eligible, neoadjuvant cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy should also be given. Post-surgery adjuvant treatments include observation, chemotherapy, radiation, or enrollment in a clinical trial. Several adjuvant immunotherapy trials with checkpoint inhibitors, which block the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1, as monotherapy or in combinations with chemotherapy, radiation, or other immunotherapy agents are currently ongoing. Given the lack of level 1 evidence for the survival benefit of adjuvant therapies post-cystectomy, the standard of care remains observation with radiologic and clinical surveillance. However, in patients who did not receive neoadjuvant cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy and are cisplatin-eligible, adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy should be considered and discussed. Genomic alterations and gene expression profiles may eventually help to identify patient subgroups for more effective adjuvant therapy. Genetic abnormalities in the DNA repair genes and basal intrinsic tumor subtype appear to predict response to neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy in MIBC. In the coming years, validating these genetic markers will be key to individualizing perioperative chemotherapy.