Thyroid hormone has profound effects on skeletal development and adult bone maintenance. Here, we review the current literature concerning thyroid hormone action in bone and cartilage in relation to human disease and animal models. We describe state-of-the-art imaging and biomechanical methods used to determine structural and functional parameters in the skeletal phenotyping of mouse models.
Keywords: Biomechanical testing; Bone; Cartilage; Chondrocyte; Micro-CT; Osteoblast; Osteoclast; Osteoporosis; Skeleton; Thyroid hormone; Thyroid hormone receptor; X-ray microradiography.