1 Departments of Anesthesiology and Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York RAND Health, RAND, Boston, Massachusetts, [email protected] US Anesthesia Partners, Dallas, Texas Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York RAND Health, RAND, Boston, Massachusetts.