Soil mutagenicity - Effects of acidification and organic pollutants in urban/industrial areas

This study aimed to analyze (i) the effect of different acid extractions, simulating changes in the background pH of rain on the availability of soil mutagenic compounds, (ii) the presence of organic compounds in soil and (iii) evaluation of the effects of soil sieving on the samples mutagenicity. Surface soil samples were collected at urban and industrial areas and assessed as total grain size composition (Total Soil) and in sieved fraction <0.5 mm (Soil <0.5 mm), through acid extracts with pH simulating those found in local rainfall. Metals were quantified in extracts and soils in natura. Organic extracts were analyzed for PAH content. Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay (TA98 strain) was used, in the presence/absence of exogenous metabolism. Nitro-sensitive strains YG1021 and YG1024 were used in the organic extracts. Results showed different mutagenic responses in total soils and in soil <0.5 mm. Soil extraction at pH 3.6 presented higher toxicity, greater variety and concentration of metals. Extraction at pH 5.3 improved mutagenic detection. Thus, local rainfall may be an environmental contamination route, with additional risk of releasing toxic substances during acid precipitation events.