EGFR T790M mutation after chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer transformation of EGFR-positive non-small cell lung cancer

In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation, 50%-65% of cases acquire resistance after treatment with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) because of an EGFR T790M point mutation and 3%-14% of these cases transformed to small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Generally, the EGFR T790M secondary mutation develops with ongoing ATP competitive inhibition. We present a case of a 76-year-old woman with lung adenocarcinoma harboring an EGFR-L858R mutation who received first-line gefitinib and developed SCLC transformation. She was administered several chemotherapy agents, including a platinum doublet. The primary lesion that showed SCLC transformation had reconverted to adenocarcinoma with EGFR L858R and T790M mutations at the time of a second re-biopsy. Therefore, she was administered osimertinib, which resulted in clinical remission. This case suggested that serial biopsies are necessary even after SCLC transformation.