Crowdsourcing image analysis for plant phenomics to generate ground truth data for machine learning

PLoS Comput Biol. 2018 Jul 30;14(7):e1006337. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006337. eCollection 2018 Jul.

Abstract

The accuracy of machine learning tasks critically depends on high quality ground truth data. Therefore, in many cases, producing good ground truth data typically involves trained professionals; however, this can be costly in time, effort, and money. Here we explore the use of crowdsourcing to generate a large number of training data of good quality. We explore an image analysis task involving the segmentation of corn tassels from images taken in a field setting. We investigate the accuracy, speed and other quality metrics when this task is performed by students for academic credit, Amazon MTurk workers, and Master Amazon MTurk workers. We conclude that the Amazon MTurk and Master Mturk workers perform significantly better than the for-credit students, but with no significant difference between the two MTurk worker types. Furthermore, the quality of the segmentation produced by Amazon MTurk workers rivals that of an expert worker. We provide best practices to assess the quality of ground truth data, and to compare data quality produced by different sources. We conclude that properly managed crowdsourcing can be used to establish large volumes of viable ground truth data at a low cost and high quality, especially in the context of high throughput plant phenotyping. We also provide several metrics for assessing the quality of the generated datasets.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Algorithms
  • Crops, Agricultural / physiology*
  • Crowdsourcing / methods*
  • Data Accuracy
  • Food Supply
  • Humans
  • Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / methods*
  • Internet
  • Machine Learning*
  • Phenotype
  • Pilot Projects

Associated data

  • figshare/10.6084/m9.figshare.6360236.v2

Grants and funding

This work was supported primarily by an award from the Iowa State University Presidential Interdisciplinary Research Initiative to support the D3AI (Data-Driven Discovery for Agricultural Innovation) project. For more information, see http://www.d3ai.iastate.edu/. Additional support came from the Iowa State University Plant Sciences Institute Faculty Scholars Program and the USDA Agricultural Research Service. IF was funded, in part, by National Science Foundation award ABI 1458359. DN, BG and CJLD gratefully acknowledge Iowa State University’s Plant Sciences Institute Scholars program funding. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.