CD21 and FCRL5 form a receptor complex with robust B-cell activating capacity

Int Immunol. 2018 Nov 14;30(12):569-578. doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxy052.

Abstract

The B-cell response to antigen is critically regulated by co-receptors. CD21 (complement receptor 2) amplifies the response to antigen linked to its ligands, specific C3 fragments. In contrast, human Fc receptor-like 5 (FCRL5), a novel IgG receptor, was reported to inhibit B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Here, we show that CD21 and FCRL5 physically associate, suggesting that immune complexes containing both C3 fragment and IgG could simultaneously engage the pre-assembled receptors. We found that activating signaling molecules such as CD19, active PLCγ2 and BTK were rapidly recruited to FCRL5 upon engagement, suggesting a novel activating function for FCRL5. We confirmed that FCRL5 through its ITIMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif) inhibited BCR signaling in the absence of CD21 stimulation. In contrast, triple engagement of FCRL5, CD21 and the BCR led to a superior calcium response compared to CD21 and BCR co-stimulation, in both cell lines and tonsil B cells. Furthermore, the novel activating function was independent of established FCRL5 signaling motifs. While human peripheral B cells express either FCRL5 or CD21, we identified a sizable subset of tonsil B cells which co-express the two receptors. We propose that FCRL5 has dual signaling capacity, while CD21 co-engagement serves as molecular switch, converting FCRL5 from a negative to a positive co-receptor. In tissues, B cells that co-express FCRL5 and CD21 could robustly respond to IgG immune complexes loaded with C3 fragments.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • B-Lymphocytes / cytology
  • B-Lymphocytes / immunology*
  • Complement C3 / immunology
  • Humans
  • Immunoglobulin G / immunology
  • Receptors, Complement 3d / immunology*
  • Receptors, Fc / immunology*
  • Signal Transduction / immunology

Substances

  • Complement C3
  • FCRL5 protein, human
  • Immunoglobulin G
  • Receptors, Complement 3d
  • Receptors, Fc