Shifting the limits in wheat research and breeding using a fully annotated reference genome

International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC)

doi:10.1126/science.aar7191

Shifting the limits in wheat research and breeding using a fully annotated reference genome

Science. 2018 Aug 17;361(6403):eaar7191. doi: 10.1126/science.aar7191. Epub 2018 Aug 16.

Author

International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC)

Collaborators

International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC):
Rudi Appels^{1

2}, Kellye Eversole^{3

4}, Catherine Feuillet⁵, Beat Keller⁶, Jane Rogers⁷, Nils Stein^{8

9}, Curtis J Pozniak¹⁰, Nils Stein^{8

9}, Frédéric Choulet¹¹, Assaf Distelfeld¹², Kellye Eversole^{3

4}, Jesse Poland¹³, Jane Rogers⁷, Gil Ronen¹⁴, Andrew G Sharpe¹⁵, Curtis Pozniak¹⁰, Gil Ronen¹⁴, Nils Stein^{8

9}, Omer Barad¹⁴, Kobi Baruch¹⁴, Frédéric Choulet¹¹, Gabriel Keeble-Gagnère¹⁶, Martin Mascher^{17

18}, Andrew G Sharpe¹⁵, Gil Ben-Zvi¹⁴, Ambre-Aurore Josselin¹¹, Nils Stein^{8

9}, Martin Mascher^{17

18}, Axel Himmelbach¹⁷, Frédéric Choulet¹¹, Gabriel Keeble-Gagnère¹⁶, Martin Mascher^{17

18}, Jane Rogers⁷, François Balfourier¹¹, Juan Gutierrez-Gonzalez¹⁹, Matthew Hayden¹⁶, Ambre-Aurore Josselin¹¹, ChuShin Koh¹⁵, Gary Muehlbauer¹⁹, Raj K Pasam¹⁶, Etienne Paux¹¹, Curtis J Pozniak¹⁰, Philippe Rigault²⁰, Andrew G Sharpe¹⁵, Josquin Tibbits¹⁶, Vijay Tiwari²¹, Frédéric Choulet¹¹, Gabriel Keeble-Gagnère¹⁶, Martin Mascher^{17

18}, Ambre-Aurore Josselin¹¹, Jane Rogers⁷, Manuel Spannagl²², Frédéric Choulet¹¹, Daniel Lang²², Heidrun Gundlach²², Georg Haberer²², Gabriel Keeble-Gagnère¹⁶, Klaus F X Mayer^{22

23}, Danara Ormanbekova^{22

24}, Etienne Paux¹¹, Verena Prade²², Hana Šimková²⁵, Thomas Wicker⁶, Frédéric Choulet¹¹, Manuel Spannagl²², David Swarbreck²⁶, Hélène Rimbert¹¹, Marius Felder²², Nicolas Guilhot¹¹, Heidrun Gundlach²², Georg Haberer²², Gemy Kaithakottil²⁶, Jens Keilwagen²⁷, Daniel Lang²², Philippe Leroy¹¹, Thomas Lux²², Klaus F X Mayer^{22

23}, Sven Twardziok²², Luca Venturini²⁶, Rudi Appels^{1

2}, Hélène Rimbert¹¹, Frédéric Choulet¹¹, Angéla Juhász^{2

28}, Gabriel Keeble-Gagnère¹⁶, Frédéric Choulet¹¹, Manuel Spannagl²², Daniel Lang²², Michael Abrouk^{25

29}, Georg Haberer²², Gabriel Keeble-Gagnère¹⁶, Klaus F X Mayer^{22

23}, Thomas Wicker⁶, Frédéric Choulet¹¹, Thomas Wicker⁶, Heidrun Gundlach²², Daniel Lang²², Manuel Spannagl²², Daniel Lang²², Manuel Spannagl²², Rudi Appels^{1

2}, Iris Fischer²², Cristobal Uauy³⁰, Philippa Borrill³⁰, Ricardo H Ramirez-Gonzalez³⁰, Rudi Appels^{1

2}, Dominique Arnaud³¹, Smahane Chalabi³¹, Boulos Chalhoub^{32

31}, Frédéric Choulet¹¹, Aron Cory¹⁰, Raju Datla³³, Mark W Davey³⁴, Matthew Hayden¹⁶, John Jacobs³⁴, Daniel Lang²², Stephen J Robinson³⁵, Manuel Spannagl²², Burkhard Steuernagel³⁰, Josquin Tibbits¹⁶, Vijay Tiwari²¹, Fred van Ex³⁴, Brande B H Wulff³⁰, Curtis J Pozniak¹⁰, Stephen J Robinson³⁵, Andrew G Sharpe¹⁵, Aron Cory¹⁰, Moussa Benhamed³⁶, Etienne Paux¹¹, Abdelhafid Bendahmane³⁶, Lorenzo Concia³⁶, David Latrasse³⁶, Jane Rogers⁷, John Jacobs³⁴, Michael Alaux³⁷, Rudi Appels^{1

2}, Jan Bartoš²⁵, Arnaud Bellec³⁸, Hélène Berges³⁸, Jaroslav Doležel²⁵, Catherine Feuillet⁵, Zeev Frenkel³⁹, Bikram Gill¹³, Abraham Korol³⁹, Thomas Letellier³⁷, Odd-Arne Olsen⁴⁰, Hana Šimková²⁵, Kuldeep Singh⁴¹, Miroslav Valárik²⁵, Edwin van der Vossen⁴², Sonia Vautrin³⁸, Song Weining⁴³, Abraham Korol³⁹, Zeev Frenkel³⁹, Tzion Fahima³⁹, Vladimir Glikson⁴⁴, Dina Raats²⁶, Jane Rogers⁷, Vijay Tiwari²¹, Bikram Gill¹³, Etienne Paux¹¹, Jesse Poland¹³, Jaroslav Doležel²⁵, Jarmila Číhalíková²⁵, Hana Šimková²⁵, Helena Toegelová²⁵, Jan Vrána²⁵, Pierre Sourdille, Benoit Darrier¹¹, Rudi Appels^{1

2}, Manuel Spannagl²², Daniel Lang²², Iris Fischer²², Danara Ormanbekova^{22

24}, Verena Prade²², Delfina Barabaschi⁴⁵, Luigi Cattivelli⁴⁵, Pilar Hernandez⁴⁶, Sergio Galvez⁴⁷, Hikmet Budak⁴⁸, Burkhard Steuernagel³⁰, Jonathan D G Jones⁴⁹, Kamil Witek⁴⁹, Brande B H Wulff³⁰, Guotai Yu³⁰, Ian Small⁵⁰, Joanna Melonek⁵⁰, Ruonan Zhou¹⁷, Angéla Juhász^{2

28}, Tatiana Belova⁴⁰, Rudi Appels^{1

2}, Odd-Arne Olsen⁴⁰, Kostya Kanyuka⁵¹, Robert King⁵², Kirby Nilsen¹⁰, Sean Walkowiak¹⁰, Curtis J Pozniak¹⁰, Richard Cuthbert⁵³, Raju Datla³³, Ron Knox⁵³, Krysta Wiebe¹⁰, Daoquan Xiang³³, Antje Rohde⁵⁴, Timothy Golds³⁴, Jaroslav Doležel²⁵, Jana Čížková²⁵, Josquin Tibbits¹⁶, Hikmet Budak⁴⁸, Bala Ani Akpinar⁴⁸, Sezgi Biyiklioglu⁴⁸, Gary Muehlbauer¹⁹, Jesse Poland¹³, Liangliang Gao¹³, Juan Gutierrez-Gonzalez¹⁹, Amidou N'Daiye¹⁰, Jaroslav Doležel²⁵, Hana Šimková²⁵, Jarmila Číhalíková²⁵, Marie Kubaláková²⁵, Jan Šafář²⁵, Jan Vrána²⁵, Hélène Berges³⁸, Arnaud Bellec³⁸, Sonia Vautrin³⁸, Michael Alaux³⁷, Françoise Alfama³⁷, Anne-Françoise Adam-Blondon³⁷, Raphael Flores³⁷, Claire Guerche³⁷, Thomas Letellier³⁷, Mikaël Loaec³⁷, Hadi Quesneville³⁷, Curtis J Pozniak¹⁰, Andrew G Sharpe^{33

15}, Sean Walkowiak, Hikmet Budak⁴⁸, Janet Condie³³, Jennifer Ens¹⁰, ChuShin Koh¹⁵, Ron Maclachlan¹⁰, Yifang Tan³³, Thomas Wicker⁶, Frédéric Choulet¹¹, Etienne Paux¹¹, Adriana Alberti⁵⁵, Jean-Marc Aury⁵⁵, François Balfourier¹¹, Valérie Barbe⁵⁵, Arnaud Couloux⁵⁵, Corinne Cruaud⁵⁵, Karine Labadie⁵⁵, Sophie Mangenot⁵⁵, Patrick Wincker^{55

56

57}, Bikram Gill¹³, Gaganpreet Kaur¹³, Mingcheng Luo⁵⁸, Sunish Sehgal⁵⁹, Kuldeep Singh⁴¹, Parveen Chhuneja⁴¹, Om Prakash Gupta⁴¹, Suruchi Jindal⁴¹, Parampreet Kaur⁴¹, Palvi Malik⁴¹, Priti Sharma⁴¹, Bharat Yadav⁴¹, Nagendra K Singh⁶⁰, JitendraP Khurana⁶¹, Chanderkant Chaudhary⁶¹, Paramjit Khurana⁶¹, Vinod Kumar⁶⁰, Ajay Mahato⁶⁰, Saloni Mathur⁶¹, Amitha Sevanthi⁶⁰, Naveen Sharma⁶¹, Ram Sewak Tomar⁶⁰, Jane Rogers⁷, John Jacobs³⁴, Michael Alaux³⁷, Arnaud Bellec³⁸, Hélène Berges³⁸, Jaroslav Doležel²⁵, Catherine Feuillet⁵, Zeev Frenkel³⁹, Bikram Gill¹³, Abraham Korol³⁹, Edwin van der Vossen⁴², Sonia Vautrin³⁸, Bikram Gill¹³, Gaganpreet Kaur¹³, Mingcheng Luo⁵⁸, Sunish Sehgal⁵⁹, Jan Bartoš²⁵, Kateřina Holušová²⁵, Ondřej Plíhal⁶², Matthew D Clark^{26

63}, Darren Heavens²⁶, George Kettleborough²⁶, Jon Wright²⁶, Miroslav Valárik²⁵, Michael Abrouk^{25

29}, Barbora Balcárková²⁵, Kateřina Holušová²⁵, Yuqin Hu⁵⁸, Mingcheng Luo⁵⁸, Elena Salina⁶⁴, Nikolai Ravin^{65

66}, Konstantin Skryabin^{65

66}, Alexey Beletsky⁶⁵, Vitaly Kadnikov⁶⁵, Andrey Mardanov⁶⁵, Michail Nesterov⁶⁴, Andrey Rakitin⁶⁵, Ekaterina Sergeeva⁶⁴, Hirokazu Handa⁶⁷, Hiroyuki Kanamori⁶⁷, Satoshi Katagiri⁶⁷, Fuminori Kobayashi⁶⁷, Shuhei Nasuda⁶⁸, Tsuyoshi Tanaka⁶⁷, Jianzhong Wu⁶⁷, Rudi Appels^{1

2}, Matthew Hayden¹⁶, Gabriel Keeble-Gagnère¹⁶, Philippe Rigault²⁰, Josquin Tibbits¹⁶, Odd-Arne Olsen⁴⁰, Tatiana Belova⁴⁰, Federica Cattonaro⁶⁹, Min Jiumeng⁷⁰, Karl Kugler²², Klaus F X Mayer^{22

23}, Matthias Pfeifer²², Simen Sandve⁷¹, Xu Xun⁷², Bujie Zhan⁴⁰, Hana Šimková²⁵, Michael Abrouk^{25

29}, Jacqueline Batley⁷³, Philipp E Bayer⁷³, David Edwards⁷³, Satomi Hayashi⁷⁴, Helena Toegelová²⁵, Zuzana Tulpová²⁵, Paul Visendi⁷⁵, Song Weining⁴³, Licao Cui⁴³, Xianghong Du⁴³, Kewei Feng⁴³, Xiaojun Nie⁴³, Wei Tong⁴³, Le Wang⁴³, Philippa Borrill³⁰, Heidrun Gundlach²², Sergio Galvez⁴⁷, Gemy Kaithakottil²⁶, Daniel Lang²², Thomas Lux²², Martin Mascher^{17

18}, Danara Ormanbekova^{22

24}, Verena Prade²², Ricardo H Ramirez-Gonzalez³⁰, Manuel Spannagl²², Nils Stein^{8

9}, Cristobal Uauy³⁰, Luca Venturini²⁶, Nils Stein^{8

9}, Rudi Appels^{1

2}, Kellye Eversole^{3

4}, Jane Rogers⁷, Philippa Borrill³⁰, Luigi Cattivelli⁴⁵, Frédéric Choulet¹¹, Pilar Hernandez⁴⁶, Kostya Kanyuka⁵¹, Daniel Lang²², Martin Mascher^{17

18}, Kirby Nilsen¹⁰, Etienne Paux¹¹, Curtis J Pozniak¹⁰, Ricardo H Ramirez-Gonzalez³⁰, Hana Šimková²⁵, Ian Small⁵⁰, Manuel Spannagl²², David Swarbreck²⁶, Cristobal Uauy³⁰

Affiliations

¹ AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport, and Resources, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia. [email protected] [email protected] [email protected].
² Murdoch University, Australia-China Centre for Wheat Improvement, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
³ International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC), 5207 Wyoming Road, Bethesda, MD 20816, USA. [email protected] [email protected] [email protected].
⁴ Eversole Associates, 5207 Wyoming Road, Bethesda, MD 20816, USA.
⁵ Bayer CropScience, Crop Science Division, Research and Development, Innovation Centre, 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA.
⁶ Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
⁷ International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC), 18 High Street, Little Eversden, Cambridge CB23 1HE, UK.
⁸ Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Genebank, Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany. [email protected] [email protected] [email protected].
⁹ The University of Western Australia (UWA), School of Agriculture and Environment, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
¹⁰ University of Saskatchewan, Crop Development Centre, Agriculture Building, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
¹¹ GDEC (Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals), INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), 5 chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
¹² School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel.
¹³ Plant Pathology, Throckmorton Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
¹⁴ NRGene Ltd., 5 Golda Meir Street, Ness Ziona 7403648, Israel.
¹⁵ University of Saskatchewan, Global Institute for Food Security, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4J8, Canada.
¹⁶ AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport, and Resources, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
¹⁷ Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Genebank, Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany.
¹⁸ German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
¹⁹ Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, 411 Borlaug Hall, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
²⁰ GYDLE, Suite 220, 1135 Grande Allée, Ouest, Québec, QC G1S 1E7, Canada.
²¹ Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 4291 Fieldhouse Road, 2102 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
²² Helmholtz Center Munich, Plant Genome and Systems Biology (PGSB), Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
²³ School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany.
²⁴ Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin, 44 40127 Bologna, Italy.
²⁵ Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 31, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
²⁶ Earlham Institute, Core Bioinformatics, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK.
²⁷ Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany.
²⁸ Agricultural Institute, MTA Centre for Agricultural Research, Applied Genomics Department, 2 Brunszvik Street, Martonvásár H 2462, Hungary.
²⁹ Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
³⁰ John Innes Centre, Crop Genetics, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
³¹ Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry Cedex, France.
³² Monsanto SAS, 28000 Boissay, France.
³³ National Research Council Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada.
³⁴ Bayer CropScience, Trait Research, Innovation Center, Technologiepark 38, 9052 Gent, Belgium.
³⁵ Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada.
³⁶ Biology Department, Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, rue de Noetzlin, Plateau du Moulon, CS80004, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
³⁷ URGI, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78026 Versailles, France.
³⁸ INRA, CNRGV, chemin de Borde Rouge, CS 52627, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France.
³⁹ University of Haifa, Institute of Evolution and the Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, 199 Abba-Hushi Avenue, Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel.
⁴⁰ Faculty of Bioscience, Department of Plant Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Arboretveien 6, 1433 Ås, Norway.
⁴¹ Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Dev Prakash Shastri Marg, New Delhi 110012, India.
⁴² Keygene, N.V., Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, Netherlands.
⁴³ State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712101, China.
⁴⁴ MultiQTL Ltd., University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel.
⁴⁵ Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via S. Protaso, 302, I -29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy.
⁴⁶ Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Alameda del Obispo s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
⁴⁷ Universidad de Málaga, Lenguajes y Ciencias de la Computación, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
⁴⁸ Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Cereal Genomics Lab, Montana State University, 412 Leon Johnson Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
⁴⁹ The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
⁵⁰ School of Molecular Sciences, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
⁵¹ Rothamsted Research, Biointeractions and Crop Protection, West Common, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK.
⁵² Rothamsted Research, Computational and Analytical Sciences, West Common, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK.
⁵³ Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Box 1030, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada.
⁵⁴ Bayer CropScience, Breeding and Trait Development, Technologiepark 38, 9052 Gent, Belgium.
⁵⁵ CEA-Institut de Biologie François-Jacob, Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry Cedex, France.
⁵⁶ CNRS, UMR 8030, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France.
⁵⁷ Université d'Evry, UMR 8030, CP5706, 91057 Evry, France.
⁵⁸ Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shield Avenue, Davis, CA 95617, USA.
⁵⁹ Agronomy Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, 2108 Jackrabbit Drive, Brookings, SD 57006, USA.
⁶⁰ ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, LBS Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India.
⁶¹ University of Delhi South Campus, Interdisciplinary Center for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India.
⁶² Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
⁶³ Department of Lifesciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.
⁶⁴ The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, pr. Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
⁶⁵ Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering, Leninsky Avenue 33, Building 2, Moscow 119071, Russia.
⁶⁶ Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Moscow 119991, Russia.
⁶⁷ Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan.
⁶⁸ Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
⁶⁹ Instituto di Genomica Applicata, Via J. Linussio 51, Udine 33100, Italy.
⁷⁰ BGI-Shenzhen, BGI Genomics, Building No. 7, BGI Park, No. 21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.
⁷¹ Faculty of Bioscience, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Arboretveien 6, 1433 Ås, Norway.
⁷² BGI-Shenzhen, BGI Genomics, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, Guangdong, China.
⁷³ School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
⁷⁴ Queensland University of Technology, Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
⁷⁵ University of Greenwich, Natural Resources Institute, Central Avenue, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.

PMID: 30115783
DOI: 10.1126/science.aar7191

Abstract

An annotated reference sequence representing the hexaploid bread wheat genome in 21 pseudomolecules has been analyzed to identify the distribution and genomic context of coding and noncoding elements across the A, B, and D subgenomes. With an estimated coverage of 94% of the genome and containing 107,891 high-confidence gene models, this assembly enabled the discovery of tissue- and developmental stage-related coexpression networks by providing a transcriptome atlas representing major stages of wheat development. Dynamics of complex gene families involved in environmental adaptation and end-use quality were revealed at subgenome resolution and contextualized to known agronomic single-gene or quantitative trait loci. This community resource establishes the foundation for accelerating wheat research and application through improved understanding of wheat biology and genomics-assisted breeding.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Atlases as Topic
Bread
Breeding*
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental*
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant*
Genome, Plant*
Molecular Sequence Annotation
Multigene Family
Phylogeny
Quantitative Trait Loci
Reference Standards
Transcriptome
Triticum / anatomy & histology
Triticum / classification
Triticum / genetics*
Triticum / growth & development*

Abstract

Publication types

MeSH terms

Grants and funding