Discovery of a Novel Microtubule Targeting Agent as an Adjuvant for Cancer Immunotherapy

Biomed Res Int. 2018 Oct 10:2018:8091283. doi: 10.1155/2018/8091283. eCollection 2018.

Abstract

For an activating immunotherapy such as adjuvants, a compound that can prolong immune stimulation may enhance efficacy. We leveraged data from two prior high throughput screens with NF-κB and interferon reporter cell lines to identify 4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles as a class of compounds that prolonged activation in both screens. We repurchased 23 of the most promising candidates. Out of these compounds we found #1 to be the most effective agent in stimulating the release of cytokines and chemokines from immune cells, including murine primary bone marrow derived dendritic cells. Mechanistically, #1 inhibited tubulin polymerization, and its effect on immune cell activation was abolished in cells mutated in the beta-tubulin gene (TUBB) encoding the site where colchicine binds. Treatment with #1 resulted in mitochondrial depolarization followed by mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Because tubulin polymerization modulating agents have been used for chemotherapy to treat malignancy and #1 activated cytokine responses, we hypothesized that #1 could be effective for cancer immunotherapy. Intratumoral injection of #1 delayed tumor growth in a murine syngeneic model of head and neck cancer. When combined with PD-1 blockade, tumor growth slowed in the injected tumor nodule and there was an abscopal effect in an uninjected nodule on the contralateral flank, suggesting central antitumor immune activation. Thus, we identified a new class of tubulin depolymerizing agent that acts as both an innate and an adaptive immune activating agent and that limits solid tumor growth when used concurrently with a checkpoint inhibitor.

MeSH terms

  • Adjuvants, Immunologic / pharmacology*
  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Monoclonal / pharmacology
  • Benzopyrans / chemistry
  • Benzopyrans / pharmacology
  • Cell Line
  • Cytokines / genetics
  • Cytokines / metabolism
  • Gene Expression Regulation / drug effects
  • Humans
  • Immunotherapy*
  • Mice, Inbred C57BL
  • Microtubules / drug effects
  • Microtubules / metabolism*
  • Mitochondria / drug effects
  • Mitochondria / metabolism
  • Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / metabolism
  • NF-kappa B / metabolism
  • Neoplasms / immunology*
  • Neoplasms / therapy*
  • Nitriles / chemistry
  • Nitriles / pharmacology
  • Polymerization
  • Signal Transduction / drug effects
  • Structure-Activity Relationship
  • Survival Analysis
  • Toll-Like Receptor 4 / metabolism
  • Tubulin / metabolism

Substances

  • Adjuvants, Immunologic
  • Antibodies, Monoclonal
  • Benzopyrans
  • Cytokines
  • NF-kappa B
  • Nitriles
  • Toll-Like Receptor 4
  • Tubulin
  • Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases