1 Center for Health Care Human Factors, Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.
2 Division of Health Sciences Informatics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.
3 Department of Pediatric Nursing, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.
4 Department of Emergency Medicine and Operations Integration, Whiting School of Engineering, Systems Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.
5 Department of Emergency Medicine and Operations Integration, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.
6 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Malone Center for Engineering in Healthcare, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.