How many and when? Optimising targeted gene flow for a step change in the environment

Targeted gene flow is an emerging conservation strategy that involves introducing individuals with particular traits to places where these traits are of benefit. One obvious application is to adapt a recipient population to a known threat, but questions remain as to how best to achieve this. Here, we vary timing and size of the introduction to maximise our objective - survival of the recipient population's genome. We explore a generic population model as well as a specific example - the northern quoll, an Australian marsupial predator threatened by the toxic cane toad. We reveal a trade-off between preserving the recipient genome and reducing population extinction risk, but key management levers can often optimise this so that nearly 100% of the recipient population's genome is preserved. Any action was better than none but the size of the benefit was sensitive to outbreeding depression, recombination rate, and the timing and size of the introduction.