pXO16, the large conjugative plasmid from Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis displays an extended host spectrum

pXO16, the large conjugative plasmid from Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis is able to efficient self-transfer, to mobilize and retro-mobilize non-conjugative plasmids, including "non-mobilizable" plasmids, and to transfer chromosomal loci. It also displays a remarkable aggregation phenotype associated with conjugation under liquid conditions. However, it was recently shown that aggregation boosts pXO16 transfer but is not mandatory. In this paper, we have further explored pXO16 transfers under various mating conditions and with different members of the Bacillus cereus group. The results indicated that colony or filter mating largely compensate the transfer deficit observed when using a pXO16 aggregation-minus mutant. Using filter mating, pXO16 transfer efficiency and host range were both improved. For instance, pXO16 was shown to transfer itself, and to mobilize the small pUB110 plasmid, from B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis to the thermotolerant Bacillus cytotoxicus at frequencies of 3.3 × 10^-3 and 5.2 × 10^-4 transconjugants per donor (T/D), respectively. All together, these results indicate that pXO16 can potentially "circulate" among members of the Bacillus cereus group. Yet, this is contrasting with pXO16's known natural distribution, which is apparently limited to the israelensis serovar of B. thuringiensis.