Purpose of review: Acute heart failure accounts for over one million hospital discharges annually. Current guidelines suggest treatments for AHF should begin "without delay" but this time interval has not been clearly defined.
Recent findings: Data suggest that certain treatments such as earlier treatment with diuretics and vasodilators may improve patient symptom relief, morbidity, and mortality. Secondary analyses of clinical trials of novel treatments under development have not shown similar results. The data are equivocal regarding the impact of early treatment in AHF on in-hospital and long-term morbidity and mortality. Improved clinical trial designs will help answer when and if "early" treatment should begin and whether it impacts short- and long-term outcomes in AHF.
Keywords: Acute heart failure; Emergency medicine; Treatments for AHF.