Background: Morphine has been a pivotal therapy in acute heart failure (AHF) for more than a century. The evidence for morphine therapy in AHF remains controversial. This study sought to assess the therapeutic effect of morphine on patients with AHF.
Methods: The study used a cohort of 13,788 patients admitted with a primary diagnosis of AHF. Propensity-score-matching was generated using 26 clinical variables. Primary endpoints included in-hospital mortality and invasive mechanical ventilation. Secondary endpoints included non-invasive ventilation, need for inotropes and acute kidney injury (AKI).
Results: 761 (5.5%) patients were treated with morphine in the first day following hospital admission. Propensity score matching yielded 672 patient pairs. The incidence of invasive ventilation was higher in the morphine-treated patients (7.4%) than in matched patients in the no-morphine cohort (3.6%), OR 2.13 (95% CI 1.32-3.57, P = 0.007). In-hospital mortality was also higher in the morphine group (17.4%) than in the matched no-morphine group (13.4%), OR 1.43 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.98, P = 0.024). For both the endpoint of invasive ventilation (Ptrend = 0.005) and mortality (Ptrend = 0.004), there was a significant linear dose-response relationship for the adverse effect of morphine. Morphine was associated with a significant increase in all secondary outcomes: Non-invasive ventilation (OR 2.78, 95% CI 1.95-3.96); Inotrope use (OR 3.50, 95% CI 2.10-5.82) and AKI (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.39-2.36). A landmark analysis demonstrated no difference in post-discharge survival between cohorts.
Conclusions: Morphine administration is associated with significant dose-dependent risk for in-hospital mortality and need for mechanical ventilation.
Keywords: Heart failure; Mechanical ventilation; Opiates.
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