Background: Either under standard basal-bolus treatment or hybrid closed-loop control, subjects with type 1 diabetes are required to count carbohydrates (CHOs). However, CHO counting is not only burdensome but also prone to errors. Recently, an artificial pancreas algorithm that does not require premeal insulin boluses-the so-called automatic regulation of glucose (ARG)-was introduced. In its first pilot clinical study, although the exact CHO counting was not required, subjects still needed to announce the meal time and classify the meal size.
Method: An automatic switching signal generator (SSG) is proposed in this work to remove the manual mealtime announcement from the control strategy. The SSG is based on a Kalman filter and works with continuous glucose monitoring readings only.
Results: The ARG algorithm with unannounced meals (ARGum) was tested in silico under the effect of different types of mixed meals and intrapatient variability, and contrasted with the ARG algorithm with announced meals (ARGam). Simulations reveal that, for slow-absorbing meals, the time in the euglycemic range, [70-180] mg/dL, increases using the unannounced strategy (ARGam: 78.1 [68.6-80.2]% (median [IQR]) and ARGum: 87.8 [84.5-90.6]%), while similar results were found with fast-absorbing meals (ARGam: 87.4 [86.0-88.9]% and ARGum: 87.6 [86.1-88.8]%). On the other hand, when intrapatient variability is considered, time in euglycemia is also comparable (ARGam: 81.4 [75.4-83.5]% and ARGum: 80.9 [77.0-85.1]%).
Conclusion: In silico results indicate that it is feasible to perform an in vivo evaluation of the ARG algorithm with unannounced meals.
Keywords: artificial pancreas; carbohydrate counting; sliding mode control; switched control.