Brain reserve, cognitive reserve, compensation, and maintenance: operationalization, validity, and mechanisms of cognitive resilience

Affiliations

• ¹ Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
• ² Departments of Psychology, Neurology and Neuroscience, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
• ³ Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
• ⁴ Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
• ⁵ Institute of Gerontology and Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: [email protected].