Background: Claudin-1 is a membrane-tight junction protein and important for the sealing of the paracellular cleft in epithelial and endothelial cells. Differential expression of Claudin-1 is linked to disease outcome in various cancers.
Material and methods: To evaluate the potential relevance of Claudin-1 expression in prostate cancer, a tissue microarray containing samples of 17,747 tumors with annotated clinico-pathological and molecular data was immunohistochemically analyzed for Claudin-1 expression.
Results: In normal prostate, glandular cells were always Claudin-1-negative while there was a strong staining of gland-surrounding basal cells. In contrast to normal prostatic glands, a positive Claudin-1 immunostaining, was found, however, in 38.7% of 12,441 interpretable cancers and was considered weak in 12.7%, moderate in 13.2%, and strong in 12.8% of cases. Positive Claudin-1 immunostaining was associated with favorable tumor features like low pT (p = 0.0032), low Gleason grade (p< 0.0001), and a reduced risk of PSA recurrence (p = 0.0005). A positive Claudin-1 staining was markedly more frequent in ERG-positive (63%) than in ERG-negative cancers (23%; p < 0.0001). Subset analyses revealed that all associations of Claudin-1 expression and favorable phenotype and prognosis were driven by ERG-positive cancers. Multivariate analyses revealed, however, that even in ERG-positive cancers, the prognostic impact of high Claudin-1 expression was not independent of established clinico-pathological parameters. Comparison with 12 previously analyzed chromosomal deletions identified conspicuous associations with PTEN and 12p13 deletions potentially indicating functional interactions.
Conclusion: These data identify a peculiar role for Claudin-1 in prostate cancer. The protein is overexpressed in a fraction of prostate cancers and increased Claudin-1 expression levels predict a favorable prognosis in ERG-positive cancer.
Keywords: Claudin-1; Immunohistochemistry; Prognosis; Prostate cancer.