Programming of hepatic lipid metabolism in a rat model of postnatal nicotine exposure - Sex-related differences

Maternal nicotine exposure during lactation induces liver damage in adult male rats. However, the mechanism in males is unknown and females have not been tested. Here, we determined the liver lipid composition and lipogenic enzymes in male and female offspring at two ages in a model of postnatal nicotine exposure. Osmotic minipumps were implanted in lactating Wistar rat dams at postnatal day (PND) 2 to release 6 mg/kg/day of nicotine (NIC group) or saline (CON group) for 14 days. Offspring received a standard diet from weaning until euthanasia at PND120 (1 pup/litter/sex) or PND180 (2 pups/litter/sex). At PND120, NIC males showed lower plasma triglycerides (TG), steatosis degree 1, higher hepatic cholesterol (CHOL) ester, free fatty acids, monoacylglycerol content as well as acetyl-coa carboxylase-1 (ACC-1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) protein expression in the liver compared to CON males. At this age, NIC females had preserved hepatocytes architecture, higher plasma CHOL, higher CHOL ester and lower total CHOL content in the liver compared to CON females. At PND180, NIC males showed steatosis degrees 1 and 2, higher TG, lower free fatty acids and total CHOL content in the liver and an increase in ACC-1 hepatic protein expression. NIC females had higher plasma TG and CHOL levels, no change in hepatic morphology, lower CHOL ester and free fatty acids in the liver, which also showed higher total ACC-1 and FAS protein expression. Maternal nicotine exposure induces long-term liver dysfunction, with an alteration in hepatic cytoarchitecture that was aggravated with age in males. Concerning females, despite unchanged hepatic cytoarchitecture, lipid metabolism was compromised, which deserves further attention.