Peptide based-vaccines are becoming one of the most widely investigated prophylactic and therapeutic health care interventions against a variety of diseases, including cancer. However, the lack of a safe and highly efficient adjuvant (immune stimulant) is regarded as the biggest obstacle to vaccine development. The incorporation of a peptide antigen in a nanostructure-based delivery system was recently shown to overcome this obstacle. Nanostructures are often formed from antigens conjugated to molecules such as polymers, lipids, and peptide, with the help of self-assembly phenomenon. This review describes the application of self-assembly process for the production of peptide-based vaccine candidates and the ability of these nanostructures to stimulate humoral and cellular immune responses.
Keywords: (C18)2, N,N-dioctadecyl succinamic acid; APC, antigen-presenting cell; BMA, butyl methacrylate; C16, 2-(R/S)-hexadecanoic acid; CFA, complete Freund's adjuvant; Conjugation; CuAAC, copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition; DLS, dynamic light scattering; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; GAS, group A streptococcus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HPV, human papilloma virus; IFA, incomplete Freund’s adjuvant; IgG, immunoglobulin G; LCP, lipid core peptide; Lipopeptide; Nanofiber; Nanoparticle; OVA, ovalbumin; PADRE, pan DR epitope; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PDSMA, pyridyl disulfide methacrylamide; PEG-PPS, poly(ethylene glycol)-stabilized poly(propylene sulfide) core nanoparticle; Pam2Cys, dipalmitoyl-S-glyceryl cysteine; Pam3Cys, tripalmitoyl-S-glyceryl cysteine; PbCSP, Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein; Polymer; SAP, self-assembling polypeptide; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome; Self-assembly; T-VEC, talimogene laherparepvec; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; TLR2, toll-like receptor 2; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; TLR9, toll-like receptor 9; VLP, virus-like particle; Vaccine.
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