Abstract
Complex carbohydrates are essential for many biological processes, from protein quality control to cell recognition, energy storage, and cell wall formation. Many of these processes are performed in topologically extracellular compartments or on the cell surface; hence, diverse secretion systems evolved to transport the hydrophilic molecules to their sites of action. Polyprenyl lipids serve as ubiquitous anchors and facilitators of these transport processes. Here, we summarize and compare bacterial biosynthesis pathways relying on the recognition and transport of lipid-linked complex carbohydrates. In particular, we compare transporters implicated in O antigen and capsular polysaccharide biosyntheses with those facilitating teichoic acid and N-linked glycan transport. Further, we discuss recent insights into the generation, recognition, and recycling of polyprenyl lipids.
Keywords:
extracellular complex carbohydrate; glycolipid; glycosyltransferase; membrane transport; polyprenyl lipid, polysaccharide biosynthesis.
Publication types
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Review
MeSH terms
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ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / chemistry
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ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / genetics
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ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / metabolism
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Bacillus subtilis / genetics
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Bacillus subtilis / metabolism
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Bacterial Proteins / chemistry
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Bacterial Proteins / genetics
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Bacterial Proteins / metabolism
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Biological Transport
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Carbon-Oxygen Ligases / chemistry
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Carbon-Oxygen Ligases / genetics
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Carbon-Oxygen Ligases / metabolism
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Escherichia coli / genetics
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Escherichia coli / metabolism*
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Escherichia coli Proteins / chemistry*
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Escherichia coli Proteins / genetics
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Escherichia coli Proteins / metabolism
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Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial*
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Glycolipids / biosynthesis*
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Glycosyltransferases / chemistry
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Glycosyltransferases / genetics
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Glycosyltransferases / metabolism
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Klebsiella pneumoniae / genetics
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Klebsiella pneumoniae / metabolism
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Membrane Transport Proteins / chemistry
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Membrane Transport Proteins / genetics
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Membrane Transport Proteins / metabolism
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Models, Molecular
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O Antigens / biosynthesis*
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Polyprenols / metabolism*
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Protein Structure, Secondary
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa / genetics
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa / metabolism
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Teichoic Acids / metabolism
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Transferases (Other Substituted Phosphate Groups) / chemistry*
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Transferases (Other Substituted Phosphate Groups) / genetics
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Transferases (Other Substituted Phosphate Groups) / metabolism
Substances
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ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters
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Bacterial Proteins
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Escherichia coli Proteins
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Glycolipids
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Membrane Transport Proteins
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O Antigens
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Polyprenols
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Teichoic Acids
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Wzm protein, Klebsiella pneumoniae
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Wzt protein, bacteria
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Wzx protein, E coli
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wzzB protein, E coli
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Glycosyltransferases
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Wzy polymerase, E coli
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Transferases (Other Substituted Phosphate Groups)
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wecA protein, E coli
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Carbon-Oxygen Ligases
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WaaL protein, E coli