An approach for the measurement of the bulk temperature of single crystal diamond using an X-ray free electron laser

A Descamps; B K Ofori-Okai; K Appel; V Cerantola; A Comley; J H Eggert; L B Fletcher; D O Gericke; S Göde; O Humphries; O Karnbach; A Lazicki; R Loetzsch; D McGonegle; C A J Palmer; C Plueckthun; T R Preston; R Redmer; D G Senesky; C Strohm; I Uschmann; T G White; L Wollenweber; G Monaco; J S Wark; J B Hastings; U Zastrau; G Gregori; S H Glenzer; E E McBride

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71350-x

An approach for the measurement of the bulk temperature of single crystal diamond using an X-ray free electron laser

Sci Rep. 2020 Sep 3;10(1):14564. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71350-x.

Authors

A Descamps^{1

2}, B K Ofori-Okai³, K Appel⁴, V Cerantola⁴, A Comley⁵, J H Eggert⁶, L B Fletcher³, D O Gericke⁷, S Göde⁴, O Humphries⁸, O Karnbach⁸, A Lazicki⁶, R Loetzsch^{9

10}, D McGonegle^{5

8}, C A J Palmer¹¹, C Plueckthun⁴, T R Preston⁴, R Redmer¹², D G Senesky¹³, C Strohm^{4

14}, I Uschmann^{9

10}, T G White¹⁵, L Wollenweber⁴, G Monaco¹⁶, J S Wark⁸, J B Hastings³, U Zastrau⁴, G Gregori⁸, S H Glenzer³, E E McBride³

Affiliations

¹ SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA. [email protected].
² Aeronautics and Astronautics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. [email protected].
³ SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
⁴ European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.
⁵ Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, Reading, RG7 4PR, UK.
⁶ Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.
⁷ Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
⁸ Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK.
⁹ Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany.
¹⁰ Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany.
¹¹ School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, University Road BT7 1NN, Belfast, UK.
¹² Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
¹³ Aeronautics and Astronautics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
¹⁴ Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
¹⁵ University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
¹⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123, Povo, TN, Italy.

Abstract

We present a method to determine the bulk temperature of a single crystal diamond sample at an X-Ray free electron laser using inelastic X-ray scattering. The experiment was performed at the high energy density instrument at the European XFEL GmbH, Germany. The technique, based on inelastic X-ray scattering and the principle of detailed balance, was demonstrated to give accurate temperature measurements, within [Formula: see text] for both room temperature diamond and heated diamond to 500 K. Here, the temperature was increased in a controlled way using a resistive heater to test theoretical predictions of the scaling of the signal with temperature. The method was tested by validating the energy of the phonon modes with previous measurements made at room temperature using inelastic X-ray scattering and neutron scattering techniques. This technique could be used to determine the bulk temperature in transient systems with a temporal resolution of 50 fs and for which accurate measurements of thermodynamic properties are vital to build accurate equation of state and transport models.