Evaluation of Oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes and genotoxic potential of bisphenol A in fresh water bighead carp (Aristichthys nobils) fish at low concentrations

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the emerging contaminants associated with deleterious health effects on both public and wildlife and is extensively incorporated into different industrial products. Therefore, the current trial was conducted to determine the oxidative stress, status of different antioxidant enzymes and genotoxic potential of bisphenol A in fresh water fish at low concentrations. For this purpose, a total of 80 fresh water bighead carp (Aristicthys nobilis) received from commercial fish center were randomly divided and kept in four groups (A-D). Fish in groups (B-D) were exposed to different levels of BPA for a period of 60 days while fish of group A served as control group. Treated fish exhibited different physical and behavioral ailments in a time and treatment manners. Results showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased quantity of different oxidative stress biomarkers such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH) and the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in gills, liver, kidneys and brain of exposed fish. Concentration of different antioxidant enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and total proteins was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in gills, liver, kidneys and brain of exposed fish. Results showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased frequency of morphological alterations, nuclear changes in red blood cells and increased DNA damage potential of bisphenol A in gills, liver, kidneys and brain tissues. The current trial concludes that even at very low concentrations bisphenol A causes toxic effects via turbulences in physiological and biochemical parameters in multiple tissues of fish.