Prescribing, dosing and titrating exercise in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy for prevention of comorbidities: Ready for prime time

The benefits of physical activity are well established, leading to both cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular benefits, improving quality of life and reducing mortality. Despite such striking body of evidence, patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are often discouraged by health professionals to practice physical activity and personalised exercise prescription is an exception rather than the rule. As a result, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients are on average less active and spend significantly less time at work or recreational physical activity than the general population. Exercise restriction derives from the evidence that vigorous exercise may occasionally trigger life-threatening arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. However, while participation in competitive sports should be prudentially denied, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients can benefit from the positive effects of regular physical activity, aimed to reduce the risk of comorbidities and improve the quality of life. Based on this rationale, exercise should be prescribed and titrated just like a drug in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients, considering individual characteristics, symptoms, past medical history, objective individual response to exercise, previous training experience and stage of disease. Type, frequency, duration, and intensity should be defined on a personal basis. Yet exercise prescription in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and its long-term effects represent major gaps in our current knowledge and require extensive research. We here review existing evidence regarding benefits and hazards of physical activity, with specific focus on viable modalities for tailored and safe exercise prescription in these patients, highlighting future developments and relevant research targets.