Particulate air pollution and respiratory Haemophilus influenzae infection in Mianyang, southwest China

Particulate air pollution is correlated with many respiratory diseases. However, few studies have focused on the relationship between air particulate exposure and respiratory Heamophilus influenzae infection. Therefore, we detected respiratory Heamophilus influenzae infection by bacterial culture of sputum of patients, and we collected particulate air pollution data (including PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) from a national real-time urban air quality platform to analyze the relationship between particulate air pollution and respiratory Heamophilus influenzae infection. The mean concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were 37.58 μg/m³ and 58.44 μg/m³, respectively, showing particulate air pollution remains a severe issue in Mianyang. A total of 828 strains of Heamophilus influenzae were detected in sputum by bacterial culture. Multiple correspondence analysis suggested the heaviest particulate air pollution and the highest Heamophilus influenzae infection rates were all in winter, while the lowest particulate air pollution and the lowest Heamophilus influenzae infection rates were all in summer. In a single-pollutant model, each elevation of 10 μg/m³ of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5/10 (combined exposure level) increased the risk of respiratory Heamophilus influenzae infection by 34%, 23%, and 29%, respectively. Additionally, in the multiple-pollutant model, only PM_2.5 was significantly associated with respiratory Heamophilus influenzae infection (B, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.05-0.87), showing PM_2.5 is an independent risk factor for respiratory Heamophilus influenzae infection. In summary, this study highlights air particulate exposure could increase the risk of respiratory Heamophilus influenzae infection, implying that stronger measures need to be taken to protect against respiratory infection induced by particulate air pollution.