The microbiome and human cancer

Science. 2021 Mar 26;371(6536):eabc4552. doi: 10.1126/science.abc4552.

Abstract

Microbial roles in cancer formation, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment have been disputed for centuries. Recent studies have provocatively claimed that bacteria, viruses, and/or fungi are pervasive among cancers, key actors in cancer immunotherapy, and engineerable to treat metastases. Despite these findings, the number of microbes known to directly cause carcinogenesis remains small. Critically evaluating and building frameworks for such evidence in light of modern cancer biology is an important task. In this Review, we delineate between causal and complicit roles of microbes in cancer and trace common themes of their influence through the host's immune system, herein defined as the immuno-oncology-microbiome axis. We further review evidence for intratumoral microbes and approaches that manipulate the host's gut or tumor microbiome while projecting the next phase of experimental discovery.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Adaptive Immunity
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / therapeutic use
  • Antineoplastic Agents / therapeutic use
  • Bacteria / genetics
  • Bacterial Physiological Phenomena*
  • Carcinogenesis
  • Gastrointestinal Microbiome
  • Genetic Engineering
  • Host Microbial Interactions
  • Humans
  • Immunomodulation
  • Immunotherapy
  • Lymphoid Tissue / immunology
  • Microbiota*
  • Neoplasms / immunology
  • Neoplasms / microbiology*
  • Neoplasms / therapy*
  • Oncolytic Virotherapy
  • Tumor Microenvironment
  • Virus Physiological Phenomena

Substances

  • Anti-Bacterial Agents
  • Antineoplastic Agents