Objective: To investigate whether protective colostomy and protective ileostomy have different impact on anastomotic leak for rectal cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and radical surgery. Methods: A retrospectively cohort study was conducted. Inclusion criteria: (1) Standard neoadjuvant therapy before operation; (2) Laparoscopic rectal cancer radical resection was performed; (3) During the operation, the protective enterostomy was performed including transverse colostomy and ileostomy; (4) The patients were followed up regularly; (5) Clinical data was complete. Exclusion criteria: (1) Colostomy and radical resection of rectal cancer were not performed at the same time; (2) Intestinal anastomosis is not included in the operation, such as abdominoperineal resection; (3) Rectal cancer had distant metastasis or multiple primary colorectal cancer. Finally 208 patients were included in this study. They suffered from rectal cancer and underwent protective stoma in radical surgery after nCRT at our hospital from January 2014 to December 2018. There were 148 males and 60 females with age of (60.5±11.1) years. They were divided into protective transverse colostomy group (n=148) and protective ileostomy group (n=60). The main follow up information included whether the patient has anastomotic leak and the type of leak according to ISREC Grading standard. Besides, stoma opening time, stoma flow, postoperative hospital stay, stoma related complications and postoperative intestinal flora were also collected. Results: A total of 28 cases(13.5%) suffered from anastomotic leak and 26 (92.9%) of them happened in the early stage after surgery (less than 30 days) . As for these early-stage leak, ISREC Grade A happened in 11 cases(42.3%), grade B in 15 cases(57.7%) and no grade C occurred. There was no significant difference in the incidence [12.8% (19/148) vs. 15.0% (9/60) , χ(2)=0.171, P=0.679] or type [Grade A: 5.4%(8/147) vs. 5.1%(3/59); Grade B: 6.8%(10/147) vs. 8.5%(5/59), Z=0.019, P=1.000] of anastomotic leak between the transverse colostomy group and ileostomy group (P>0.05), as well as operation time, postoperative hospital stay, drainage tube removal time or stoma reduction time (P>0.05). There were 10 cases (6.8%) and 24 cases (40.0%) suffering from intestinal flora imbalance in protective transverse colostomy and protective ileostomy group, respectively (χ(2)=34.503, P<0.001). Five cases (8.3%) suffered from renal function injury in the protective ileostomy group, while protective colostomy had no such concern (P=0.002). The incidence of peristomal dermatitis in the protective colostomy group was significantly lower than that in the protective ileostomy group [12.8% (9/148) vs. 33.3%(20/60), χ(2)=11.722, P=0.001]. Conclusions: It is equally feasible and effective for rectal cancer patients after nCRT to carry out protective transverse colostomy or ileostomy in radical surgery. However, we should pay more attention to protective ileostomy patients, as they are at high risk of intestinal flora imbalance, renal function injury and peristomal dermatitis.
目的： 探讨直肠癌新辅助放化疗后根治性手术行保护性横结肠造口与回肠造口对于患者吻合口漏的影响。 方法： 本研究采用回顾性队列研究方法。病例纳入标准：（1）术前完成标准新辅助治疗；（2）手术方式为腹腔镜下根治性直肠癌手术；（3）术中经取出标本的辅助切口行保护性肠造口术，分为横结肠造口和回肠造口；（4）术后接受定期随访；（5）临床资料完整。排除标准：（1）肠造口术与直肠癌根治术非同期进行；（2）手术中无肠吻合过程，如腹会阴联合直肠癌根治术；（3）诊断时直肠癌已发生远处转移或合并多原发结直肠癌患者。根据上述标准，收集2014年1月至2018年12月期间、北京协和医院外科收治的208例新辅助放化疗后采用根治性手术治疗，并行保护性横结肠或回肠造口的直肠癌患者临床资料，其中男性148例，女性60例，年龄（60.5±11.1）岁。根据选用的肠造口方式不同，分为保护性横结肠造口组（148例）和保护性回肠造口组（60例）。主要观察指标为吻合口漏发生率、发生时间和早发型吻合口漏分级（国际直肠癌研究组分级，A级无症状，不需治疗；B级有症状，可保守治疗；C级需二次手术）；其他观察指标包括造口开放时间和造口流量、术后住院天数、造口相关并发症及术后肠道菌群情况等。 结果： 208例患者术后共发生吻合口漏28例（13.5%），其中迟发型漏（手术吻合后30 d发生）2例（7.1%），早发型漏（手术吻合后30 d内发生）26例（92.9%）。早发型漏中，A级漏11例（42.3%），B级漏15例（57.7%），未发生C级漏。保护性横结肠造口组与保护性回肠造口组患者吻合口漏发生率[12.8%（19/148）比15.0%（9/60），χ(2)=0.171，P=0.679]和早发型吻合口漏分级[A级：5.4%（8/147）比5.1%（3/59）；B级：6.8%（10/147）比8.5%（5/59），Z=0.019，P=1.000]比较，差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。保护性横结肠造口与保护性回肠造口组患者手术时间、术后住院时间、引流管拔除时间和造口还纳时间比较差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。与保护性回肠造口组比较，保护性横结肠造口组肠道菌群失调发生率更低[6.8%（10/148）比40.0%（24/40），χ(2)=34.503，P<0.001]；肾功能损伤发生率更低[0比8.3%（5/60），P=0.002]；造口周围皮炎发生率也更低[12.8%（19/148）比33.3%（20/60），χ(2)=11.772，P=0.001]，差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。 结论： 直肠癌患者新辅助放化疗后，根治性手术时行保护性横结肠造口或回肠造口可行性和疗效均相近，但保护性回肠造口患者术后肠道菌群失调、肾功能损伤和造口周围皮炎的发生率较高，应予以重视。.
Keywords: Anastomotic leak; Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy; Protective colostomy; Protective ileostomy; Rectal neoplasms.