Background: Methadone is an evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) and pain management. Methadone for OUD may be difficult for some patients to access, particularly those in rural areas.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize methadone distribution patterns between 2017 and 2019 across the United States.
Methods: The US Drug Enforcement Administration's Automated Reports and Consolidated Ordering System was used to acquire the number of opioid treatment programs (OTPs) per state and methadone distribution weight in grams. Methadone distributions by weight, corrected for state population and number of OTPs, were compared from 2017 to 2019 between states, within regions, and nationally.
Results: The national distribution of methadone increased +12.3% for OTPs but decreased -34.6% for pain. Whereas all states saw a decrease in pain distribution, the Northeast showed a significantly smaller decrease than all other regions. Additionally, the majority of states experienced an increase in distribution for OTPs, and most states demonstrated a relatively stable or increasing number of OTPs, with an +11.5% increase nationally. The number of OTPs per 100K state population ranged from 2.1 in Rhode Island to 0.0 in Wyoming.
Conclusion and relevance: Although methadone distribution for OUD was increasing in the United States, the pronounced regional disparities identified warrant further consideration to improve patient access to this evidence-based pharmacotherapy, particularly in the Midwest and West regions. Greater implementation of telehealth and involvement of primary care into opioid treatment practice offer possible solutions to eliminating geographical treatment barriers.
Keywords: buprenorphine; opioid treatment programs; opioid use disorder.