Structures of the ApoL1 and ApoL2 N-terminal domains reveal a non-classical four-helix bundle motif

Commun Biol. 2021 Jul 27;4(1):916. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02387-5.

Abstract

Apolipoprotein L1 (ApoL1) is a circulating innate immunity protein protecting against trypanosome infection. However, two ApoL1 coding variants are associated with a highly increased risk of chronic kidney disease. Here we present X-ray and NMR structures of the N-terminal domain (NTD) of ApoL1 and of its closest relative ApoL2. In both proteins, four of the five NTD helices form a four-helix core structure which is different from the classical four-helix bundle and from the pore-forming domain of colicin A. The reactivity with a conformation-specific antibody and structural models predict that this four-helix motif is also present in the NTDs of ApoL3 and ApoL4, suggesting related functions within the small ApoL family. The long helix 5 of ApoL1 is conformationally flexible and contains the BH3-like region. This BH3-like α-helix resembles true BH3 domains only in sequence and structure but not in function, since it does not bind to the pro-survival members of the Bcl-2 family, suggesting a Bcl-2-independent role in cytotoxicity. These findings should expedite a more comprehensive structural and functional understanding of the ApoL immune protein family.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Apolipoprotein L1 / chemistry*
  • Apolipoprotein L1 / genetics
  • Apolipoprotein L1 / metabolism
  • Apolipoproteins L / chemistry*
  • Apolipoproteins L / genetics
  • Apolipoproteins L / metabolism
  • Humans
  • Protein Domains*

Substances

  • APOL1 protein, human
  • APOL2 protein, human
  • Apolipoprotein L1
  • Apolipoproteins L