Aldehydes are very common pollutants and many are possible human carcinogens. Herein, we report an easy-to-operate and low-cost method for discrimination of diverse aldehydes. Our colorimetric sensor array based on Tollens' reagent allows discrimination of ten kinds of aldehydes, showing a distinct color change from wine-red to deep yellow. In the presence of aldehydes, Ag shells are coated onto gold nanoparticles (GNPs) functionalized with diverse ligands (including bovine serum albumin, polyvinylpyrrolidone and L-cysteine), forming Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles. The sensor array has great capacity for differentiating between ten kinds of aldehydes by color change, with accuracy and specificity of over 88%. Under optimal conditions, there is good linear correlation between Euclidean distance and formaldehyde concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 000 μM (R2 = 0.9908). The sensor was successfully used to determine formaldehyde content in shrimp, with recovery of 85.8% to 114.82%. Our GNPs sensor shows good potential for fast, reliable identification of aldehydes in food.